Proctor Level2_88

See reviews Level2_88 MAD1 Level 2

Aug 14, 2026

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1

The questions mentioned before under the same proctor were mostly asked apart from that

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleViva wrap-up hai. Short thanks + confirm submission ZIP latest hai.
2
Did u use Vuex?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleVue = UI ka smart assistant. Data badlo, screen khud update. MAD1 Jinja har click pe naya HTML.
Progressive frontend framework. Components, reactivity, directives.
MAD2 SPA: ek index.html, Vue Router pages, Flask sirf JSON.
Fayde: easy, SFC, docs. Vs React: templates HTML-like, course sikhata hai. Vs plain JS: baar-baar DOM mat chhedo.
Example
```

<template>
  <h1>{{ msg }}</h1>
</template>
<script>
export default { data() { return { msg: 'Hello' } } }
</script>
```
Project example: Navbar.vue + views (Login, Dashboard). data() / setup() reactive. fetch APIs.
Viva tipFayde: easy, SFC, reactivity. Vs React: chhota learning curve. Vs plain JS: UI state auto-update.
3
Mention other headers used in fetch

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimplePehle 1-line definition, phir apne MAD1 project mein file dikhao, phir chhota example.
Suggested flow1) Concept kya hai?
2) Mere code mein kahan?
3) Example / demo
4) Edge case
Example
```
# related file: models.py / routes / template
# formula: request → check/auth → DB → render/redirect
```
Viva tipExact line yaad nahi to honestly related part dikhao. Bluff mat karo.
4
Mention other file transfer protocol than the one u have used

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimplePehle 1-line definition, phir apne MAD1 project mein file dikhao, phir chhota example.
Suggested flow1) Concept kya hai?
2) Mere code mein kahan?
3) Example / demo
4) Edge case
Example
```
# related file: models.py / routes / template
# formula: request → check/auth → DB → render/redirect
```
Viva tipExact line yaad nahi to honestly related part dikhao. Bluff mat karo.
5
Mention other types of storage

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimplePehle 1-line definition, phir apne MAD1 project mein file dikhao, phir chhota example.
Suggested flow1) Concept kya hai?
2) Mere code mein kahan?
3) Example / demo
4) Edge case
Example
```
# related file: models.py / routes / template
# formula: request → check/auth → DB → render/redirect
```
Viva tipExact line yaad nahi to honestly related part dikhao. Bluff mat karo.
6
Differentiate between PUT and POST

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimplePOST naya janam (har baar naya id). PUT poori photo replace. PATCH sticker chipkao.
POST create, not idempotent. PUT full update, idempotent. PATCH partial.
POST ki jagah PUT se REST semantics toot. GET typically no body.
CRUD map: POST create, GET read, PUT/PATCH update, DELETE delete.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
POST /api/venues
PUT  /api/venues/1   {all fields}
PATCH /api/venues/1 {only name}
```
Project example: POST /api/venues create. PUT /venues/1 saari fields. PATCH sirf name.
7
What is ORM?

Times asked 49
Official solution

SimpleORM = Object Relational Mapping. Database tables ko Python classes/objects se map karta hai, raw SQL kam likhni padti hai.
Bina ORM: cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM user WHERE id=?', [5])
ORM se: User.query.get(5) ya db.session.get(User, 5)
Example model
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True)
```
FaydePython mein soch sakte ho, SQL injection se protection (parameterized), relationships easy, DB switch thoda aasan.
Nuksaancomplex queries slow/abstract, seekhne ki layer extra, kabhi raw SQL phir bhi chahiye.
MAD1: SQLAlchemy (Flask-SQLAlchemy). Tables db.create_all() ya migrations se banti hain.
8
Have u used this.$router? If yes what functions did u use such as push, go, etc?

Times asked 2
Official solution

Simple$route current (path params query). $router methods push go replace.
Login redirect this.$router.push. Read id this.$route.params.id.
SPA = ek HTML, Vue Router se views, full reload nahi. MPA = MAD1 Jinja har URL naya HTML.
Vue Router: routes array, router-view, router-link, meta.auth + beforeEach guard. Dynamic /venues/:id → $route.params.id.
Vite/CLI SFC + npm build dist/. CDN script tag, no SFC. Jo tumne use kiya wahi justify. Flask send_from_directory('dist') production pattern.
Example
```
this.$router.push('/dashboard')
this.$route.params.id
```
Project example: login success push dashboard. Detail page params.
9
What is redis and why did u use it?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleRedis fridge pe sticky note hai — poori kitchen (database) kholne ki zarurat nahi.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai. Data RAM mein rehta hai, isliye disk wale SQLite/Postgres se kai guna tez.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam karta hai:
1) Cache — same venue/show/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se mat nikaalo.
2) Celery message broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis band ho to cache miss ho jaata hai aur Celery queue ruk sakti hai. Crash pe cache gayab ho sakta hai — isliye important data sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Example
```
import redis
r = redis.Redis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)
r.set('venues', json.dumps(data), ex=30)
print(r.get('venues'))
```
Project example: GET /api/venues pehle Redis dekho. Miss pe SQLAlchemy query, phir SET with timeout. Celery worker Redis list se daily reminder uthata hai.
Viva tipCache ke liye db=1, broker ke liye db=0 rakhna smart hai taaki keys mix na hon. Viva mein redis-cli ping → PONG dikhana strong hai.
10

What are props in Vue?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleVue.js frontend framework — reactive UI components. MAD2 mein common, MAD1 optional.
Component: reusable UI (Navbar.vue) + data + template.
Props: parent → child data. Child → parent: $emit('update', val).
Slots: parent child ke andar extra HTML daal sakta hai.
Lifecycle: created (data setup), mounted (DOM ready — API call), updated, unmounted.
v-model two-way bind. Vue Router SPA routes (routes.js). Vuex/Pinia global state; mutations sync change, actions async.
Standalone component: khud ke saath compile, parent register kam.
11

What are webhooks?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleWebSocket do-tarfa live connection, Webhook 'kisi event pe URL hit karo'.
WebSocket: chat, live scores. Connection open rehti hai.
Webhook: payment success pe Stripe tumhari /webhook URL POST karta hai. Connection nahi, ek HTTP call.
MAD1 mein usually nahi hote; REST request-response hota hai.
12

What is caching?

Times asked 23

Official solution

SimpleCache baar-baar DB/compute na karne ke liye result yaad rakhta hai.
Browser cache, Flask cache, Redis. Example: dashboard counts 30 sec Redis mein.
Cookies alag (client data). HTTP 304 Not Modified bhi cache related.
MAD1 mein optional. Scale poochhe to pehle indexes + cache, phir extra servers.

See reviews Level2_88 MAD2 Level 1

Aug 1, 2026

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1

What technologies have you used in your application?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleVue, Flask, SQLite, Redis, Celery. CORS JWT cache.
What technologies in application.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Stack one breath.
Project example: Stack one breath.
2
How is authentication implemented in your application?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleLogin flow pehle poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", token milne ke baad har API pe wohi proof dikhate ho.
Authentication step: Vue form email + password JSON POST karta hai. Flask user dhoondhta hai, check_password_hash se prove karta hai ki tum genuine ho. Galat 401. Sahi pe JWT + role milta hai — yeh session/token hai.
Vue localStorage (ya cookie) mein token rakhta hai, dashboard pe router.push. Aage ki har fetch header: Authorization: Bearer <token>. @jwt_required identity check (authentication). @roles_required('admin') permission check (authorization) — logged in ho, lekin allowed nahi to 403.
Validation alag cheez hai: empty email, password 8+ — form sahi bhara hai ya nahi. Woh identity prove nahi karta.
Logout = client token delete + login page. Server blacklist optional. Password response JSON mein kabhi mat bhejo.
Example
```
# Authentication
@app.route('/api/login', methods=['POST'])
def login():
    u = User.query.filter_by(email=data['email']).first()
    if not u or not check_password_hash(u.password, data['password']):
        return jsonify(msg='bad'), 401
    return jsonify(token=create_access_token(u.id), role=u.role)

# baad ki APIs
# Authorization: Bearer <token>
if current_user.role != 'admin':
    abort(403)
```
Project example: Login.vue POST /api/login → token LS → interceptor. Student token se admin route = 403. Empty form = validation, galat password = 401.
Viva tipNetwork tab mein password body dikhega localhost pe — prod HTTPS. Response mein hash/password echo mat karo.
3
What type of authentication (RBAC) have you implemented, and how does it work?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleRBAC = role ka badge. Admin badge se delete, user badge se sirf book.
Role-Based Access Control. Har user pe alag permission list nahi — roles.
Models: User M-M Role association. Decorators @roles_required. Vue v-if + router meta.
Frontend hide UX. Backend 403 real security.
Example
```
if current_user.roles[0].name != 'admin':
    return jsonify(msg='Forbidden'), 403
```
Project example: roles_users table. admin stats API roles_required. User booking POST user role.
Viva tipCode mein roles_required, Vue meta.role, models User↔Role many-to-many (roles_users table).
4
How is the authentication token sent with API requests?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleLogin ke baad header. Axios interceptor ya fetch wrapper. Backend verify.
Har protected API. Public login/register nahi.
Authentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password hash check. Success pe JWT/session. Galat credentials = 401.
Authorization: uske baad role. Admin hi venue/lot delete kare, student nahi = 403 (logged in ho, allowed nahi).
MAD2: POST /api/login = authentication. @jwt_required identity. @roles_required('admin') ya Vue v-if="isAdmin" = authorization. Frontend hide sirf UX — asli deny backend pe.
Validation alag: form sahi bhara (email format, age 18+). Woh identity prove nahi karta. Password store hash (Werkzeug), JWT payload padha ja sakta hai isliye secret mat daalo.
Example
```
headers: { 'Authorization': 'Bearer ' + localStorage.getItem('token') }
```
Project example: Network list request Headers Bearer.
5

How did you validate form inputs?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplerequired minlength regex frontend. Backend mirror. Don't trust client.
How validate form inputs.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: register both layers.
Project example: register both layers.
6
How would you prevent users from booking more seats than are available?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleSeats_left check + transaction. Race SELECT FOR UPDATE / unique seat.
qty > available 400. Frontend :max still backend.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
if show.available < qty:
    abort(400)
show.available -= qty
db.session.commit()
```
Project example: available=1, two qty=1 — ek fail.
7
What is CORS?

Times asked 8
Official solution

SimpleDifferent origin Vue vs Flask — browser CORS check. Server Allow-Origin.
Failed = frontend error even if curl works. Examiner curl vs browser.
HTTP verbs + status REST ki zabaan. GET read, POST create, PUT replace, PATCH partial, DELETE remove. GET typically no body.
Status: 200 OK, 201 created, 202 accepted (Celery task), 400 bad input, 401 no/bad token, 403 role nahi, 404 missing, 409 conflict (double book), 500 server.
AJAX/fetch page reload nahi. SPA poori isi pe. Postman se bina Vue ke API prove karo — examiner pasand.
Example
```
from flask_cors import CORS
CORS(app, resources={r'/api/*': {'origins': 'http://localhost:8080'}})
```
Project example: Flask-CORS localhost:8080.
8
What are HTTP headers?

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleHeaders metadata chitthi ke upar: kaun bhej raha, kaisa data, token.
Content-Type JSON, Authorization Bearer, Accept, CORS Origin.
GET usually no body. POST JSON body + header.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
fetch(url, {
  method: 'POST',
  headers: {
    'Content-Type': 'application/json',
    'Authorization': 'Bearer ' + token
  },
  body: JSON.stringify({ name: 'A' })
})
```
Project example: Network tab login POST headers. Later GET list Authorization.
9
Besides the Authorization header, what other headers have you used in fetch() requests?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleHeaders metadata chitthi ke upar: kaun bhej raha, kaisa data, token.
Content-Type JSON, Authorization Bearer, Accept, CORS Origin.
GET usually no body. POST JSON body + header.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
fetch(url, {
  method: 'POST',
  headers: {
    'Content-Type': 'application/json',
    'Authorization': 'Bearer ' + token
  },
  body: JSON.stringify({ name: 'A' })
})
```
Project example: Network tab login POST headers. Later GET list Authorization.
10
What is the difference between PUT and POST?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimplePOST naya janam (har baar naya id). PUT poori photo replace. PATCH sticker chipkao.
POST create, not idempotent. PUT full update, idempotent. PATCH partial.
POST ki jagah PUT se REST semantics toot. GET typically no body.
CRUD map: POST create, GET read, PUT/PATCH update, DELETE delete.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
POST /api/venues
PUT  /api/venues/1   {all fields}
PATCH /api/venues/1 {only name}
```
Project example: POST /api/venues create. PUT /venues/1 saari fields. PATCH sirf name.
11

What is a cron job?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleCron OS scheduler. Celery Beat app ke andar wahi idea.
Linux crontab vs Celery: app ke saath deploy, Python function, Redis queue.
Does crontab seconds? Classic no. Celery float seconds yes.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Humne OS cron nahi, Celery Beat use kiya.
12

Explain the crontab expression used in your Celery schedule.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleRead your dict aloud minute hour. Testing change. Explain crontab expression used.
Don't invent.
Celery Python ka distributed task queue — HTTP request ko 10s email/CSV ke liye mat rokna.
Flow: Flask .delay() → Redis broker → Worker execute. Beat alag process hai (clock): crontab padhke due time pe queue mein daalta hai. Beat khud mail nahi bhejta; Worker haath hai.
MAD2 typical: daily reminder (Beat), monthly report (Beat), user Export CSV (button, Beat nahi). JS async/await browser event loop hai, Celery server-side process — mix mat karo.
Demo: tin terminals — redis-server, celery worker, celery beat — plus Flask. MailHog :8025 inbox. Result backend se task SUCCESS poll optional.
Project example: Open config.
13
What are Vue routes?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleRouter URL ko component se map karta hai. Google Maps for pages.
routes array path+component. router-view jagah. router-link reload nahi.
meta.auth + beforeEach guard. Dynamic /venues/:id.
Nayi page: SFC + routes entry + link.
Example
```
const routes = [
  { path: '/', component: Home },
  { path: '/login', component: Login },
  { path: '/venues/:id', component: VenueDetail, meta: { auth: true } },
]
```
Project example: routes.js Login, Register, UserHome, AdminHome, 404.
Viva tipNayi page: component banao, routes array mein path, router-link se jao.
14

Did you use parent-child components in your project?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleHaan list+card files. Or no pages only — then how data passed.
Did you use parent-child.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Names.
Project example: Names.
15

Did you use Slots in your application?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleYes modal body / no layout router-view. Honest. router-view slot-like outlet.
Did you use Slots.
Component = reusable UI block (Navbar, Card). Props parent→child data, emit child→parent event. Slots parent HTML inner content.
computed cache + reactive derive (filtered list). watch side-effect (query change pe API). methods events. ref() primitive, reactive() object. Vuex/Pinia global store; localStorage persist, store nahi.
SFC: template + script + style ek .vue file. Parent-child exam favourite: list parent, row child :item + @delete.
Project example: Open slot if any.
16

Did you use Vuex?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleHaan store modules user token / nahi LS props. Why.
Did you use Vuex.
Component = reusable UI block (Navbar, Card). Props parent→child data, emit child→parent event. Slots parent HTML inner content.
computed cache + reactive derive (filtered list). watch side-effect (query change pe API). methods events. ref() primitive, reactive() object. Vuex/Pinia global store; localStorage persist, store nahi.
SFC: template + script + style ek .vue file. Parent-child exam favourite: list parent, row child :item + @delete.
Project example: store/index.js or not.
17
What are Props?

Times asked 4
Official solution

SimpleProps parent ki thali child ko dena. Child thali tod ke parent ki thali na badle — emit bolo.
Declare props, parent :venue="v". One-way. Mutate mat. Types/required Vue 3.
List parent, card child — classic viva.
Component = reusable UI block (Navbar, Card). Props parent→child data, emit child→parent event. Slots parent HTML inner content.
computed cache + reactive derive (filtered list). watch side-effect (query change pe API). methods events. ref() primitive, reactive() object. Vuex/Pinia global store; localStorage persist, store nahi.
SFC: template + script + style ek .vue file. Parent-child exam favourite: list parent, row child :item + @delete.
Example
```
<VenueCard :venue="v" @select="onSelect" />
props: ['venue']
this.$emit('select', this.venue.id)
```
Project example: VenueCard :venue. Child $emit('select', id).
18
Have you used this.$router? Which methods (push(), go(), etc.) have you used?

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simple$route current (path params query). $router methods push go replace.
Login redirect this.$router.push. Read id this.$route.params.id.
SPA = ek HTML, Vue Router se views, full reload nahi. MPA = MAD1 Jinja har URL naya HTML.
Vue Router: routes array, router-view, router-link, meta.auth + beforeEach guard. Dynamic /venues/:id → $route.params.id.
Vite/CLI SFC + npm build dist/. CDN script tag, no SFC. Jo tumne use kiya wahi justify. Flask send_from_directory('dist') production pattern.
Example
```
this.$router.push('/dashboard')
this.$route.params.id
```
Project example: login success push dashboard. Detail page params.
19

What are the advantages of Vue/React over a plain JavaScript application?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleComponents reactivity router ecosystem. Plain JS DOM hell large UI. Advantages Vue/React over plain JS.
Course size already painful without Vue.
SPA = ek HTML, Vue Router se views, full reload nahi. MPA = MAD1 Jinja har URL naya HTML.
Vue Router: routes array, router-view, router-link, meta.auth + beforeEach guard. Dynamic /venues/:id → $route.params.id.
Vite/CLI SFC + npm build dist/. CDN script tag, no SFC. Jo tumne use kiya wahi justify. Flask send_from_directory('dist') production pattern.
Project example: v-for vs manual DOM.
20

Show your routes.js file and explain it.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplerouter.js paths hash vs history guard. Where declared frontend routes.
Show routes.js.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Project example: All paths list.
21
What is ORM?

Times asked 49
Official solution

SimpleORM = translator. Python object bolo, woh SQL mein baat kare.
Object Relational Mapper. Class User ↔ table user. Raw SQL kam.
SQLAlchemy MAD1/MAD2. Fayde: portable SQLite→Postgres, relationships, parameterized queries (injection kam).
Nuksaan: N+1, hidden SQL, complex reports pe raw better.
Direct sqlite3 se SQLAlchemy isliye: models, switch DB, safer queries.
Example
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(128), unique=True)
User.query.filter_by(email='a@b.com').first()
```
Project example: models.py db.Model. resources User.query.filter_by. Koi f-string SQL nahi.
Viva tipFayde: safe-ish, portable (SQLite→Postgres). Nuksaan: complex queries, N+1, leaky abstractions. Direct SQLite se SQLAlchemy isliye: models + injection protection + switch DB.
22

What is the difference between relational and non-relational databases?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleRelational tables SQL ACID FK. NoSQL flexible schema, scale writes. MAD2 SQL + Redis side-cache.
Pick: bookings integrity → SQL. Session cache → Redis.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: models relational. cache Redis.
23

Give examples of non-relational databases.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleRelational tables SQL ACID FK. NoSQL flexible schema, scale writes. MAD2 SQL + Redis side-cache.
Pick: bookings integrity → SQL. Session cache → Redis.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: models relational. cache Redis.
24
What is Redis, and why did you use it?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleRedis fridge pe sticky note hai — poori kitchen (database) kholne ki zarurat nahi.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai. Data RAM mein rehta hai, isliye disk wale SQLite/Postgres se kai guna tez.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam karta hai:
1) Cache — same venue/show/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se mat nikaalo.
2) Celery message broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis band ho to cache miss ho jaata hai aur Celery queue ruk sakti hai. Crash pe cache gayab ho sakta hai — isliye important data sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Example
```
import redis
r = redis.Redis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)
r.set('venues', json.dumps(data), ex=30)
print(r.get('venues'))
```
Project example: GET /api/venues pehle Redis dekho. Miss pe SQLAlchemy query, phir SET with timeout. Celery worker Redis list se daily reminder uthata hai.
Viva tipCache ke liye db=1, broker ke liye db=0 rakhna smart hai taaki keys mix na hon. Viva mein redis-cli ping → PONG dikhana strong hai.
25
What is caching?

Times asked 23
Official solution

SimpleCache = pehli baar hisaab karke copy rakh lo, doosri baar copy dikha do.
Baar-baar same expensive kaam (DB query, counting bookings) mat karo. Result Redis jaise store mein timeout ke saath rakh do.
Cache hit: key mil gayi, DB skip. Cache miss: DB se lao, SET karo, return karo.
Tradeoff: speed vs stale data. Admin naya venue add kare aur cache 50s ka ho to user purani list dekh sakta hai — isliye write pe invalidation zaroori hai.
Browser cache, Flask-Caching, Redis alag layers hain. MAD2 examiner Redis + @cache.cached code dekhta hai.
Example
```
@cache.cached(timeout=50, query_string=True)
@app.route('/api/shows')
def shows():
    return jsonify([s.serialize() for s in Show.query.all()])
```
Project example: Admin dashboard counts / venues list cache. Create/update/delete ke baad cache.delete('venues').
Viva tipprint('DB queried') function ke andar laga ke miss/hit demo karo — hit pe print nahi chalega.
26

What is the difference between Local Storage and Cookies?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleLS never auto-sent. Cookies auto to domain CSRF surface. Difference LS and Cookies.
JWT LS not in Cookie header.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Network Cookie vs LS.
Project example: Network Cookie vs LS.
27

What other types of client-side storage are available?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimplelocalStorage sessionStorage cookies IndexedDB memory Cache API. Types browser storage. Client-side storage.
What types available. Other than LS.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: We used LS for JWT. Cookies empty.
28
What are Webhooks?

Times asked 7
Official solution

SimpleWebhook = woh tumhe call karta hai. API = tum unhe call karte ho.
Payment success pe Stripe tumhare /webhooks/payment pe POST. Tum poll nahi karte.
API pull, webhook push. WebSocket dono taraf live connection. SSE server→client stream.
MAD2 mostly REST APIs. Webhook theory + example kaafi. Verify signature production mein.
Example
```
@app.route('/webhooks/payment', methods=['POST'])
def hook():
    event = request.json
    ...
```
Project example: Agar implement nahi: 'course REST. Webhook design: POST /webhooks/booking-paid'.
Viva tipAPI pull, webhook push. WebSocket dono taraf live. SSE server → client stream.
29

Mention file transfer protocols other than the one you used (e.g., FTP, SFTP, FTPS, SCP).

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleFile transfer FTP SFTP SSH FTPS SCP HTTP upload. Resumes SFTP/SCP safer than plain FTP.
File transfer protocols other than used.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: We HTTP upload / static. Mention SFTP.

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