Search – Lazy IITians Viva Prep

See reviews Level1_119 MAD1 Level 1

Jul 30, 2026

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1

Give an overview of the project structure (folders and files).

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleRoutes/controllers URLs handle karte hain. app.py app banata hai, models.py data, templates/ views, static/ CSS-JS.
Typical structure:
app.py / __init__.py → Flask app, db.init, register blueprints
models.py → tables
routes.py / views → @app.route functions
templates/ → Jinja HTML
static/ → css, images
instance/*.db → SQLite
Ek route explain karne ka template:
1) URL + methods 2) Auth/role check 3) Form/query se data 4) Business rule (duplicate, slots) 5) db.session 6) render ya redirect
Example GET+POST same route: GET form, POST save.
Data HTML se: form name= → request.form. Data HTML ko: render_template(..., items=query).
Nayi .py file: import karke use karo, warna Flask ko pata nahi. Folder rename: imports/paths/templates check.
2

Run the application.

Times asked 8

Official solution

SimpleExaminer submitted ZIP chahta hai, local extra changes nahi.
Portal se ZIP download → extract → venv → pip install -r requirements.txt → flask run / python app.py.
Checksum maange to hash match karke dikhao. Camera/OPPE setup unke instructions.
Linux/Mac: paths, gunicorn; Windows paths alag ho to relative paths use karo.
Do browsers: admin + user parallel demo impressive lagta hai.
3

Perform all CRUD operations as Admin.

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleCRUD = Create, Read, Update, Delete — kisi bhi resource ke 4 basic operations.
Create: POST, db.session.add(new_user); commit() — register, add trek.
Read: GET, User.query.all() — dashboard list.
Update: POST/PUT, user.name = 'Ram'; commit() — edit profile.
DeletePOST/DELETE, db.session.delete(obj); commit().
REST mapping: POST create, GET read, PUT/PATCH update, DELETE delete.
Admin panel mein yeh 4 dikhana viva demo ka common task hai.
4
Explain models.py.

Times asked 21
Official solution

Simplemodels.py har table ki class hai — columns, PK/FK, relationships. Yeh Model layer hai.
Viva mein file khol ke bolo:
1) Kaunsi classes/tables hain (User, Role-specific, Booking...)
2) Har table ka kaam 1 line
3) Relationships: 1-1 / 1-M / M-M, backref, cascade, lazy
4) Constraints: unique email, nullable, default status
Example skeleton
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True, nullable=False)
    role = db.Column(db.String(20), default='user')
    bookings = db.relationship('Booking', backref='user', cascade='all, delete-orphan')
```
ER diagram: rectangles entities, lines relationships, PK/FK mark. Schema = yahi structure.
Tables create: db.create_all() ya migrations. SQLite file SQL viewer se dikha sakte ho.
5

Explain app.py / __init__.py (application setup).

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleRoutes/controllers URLs handle karte hain. app.py app banata hai, models.py data, templates/ views, static/ CSS-JS.
Typical structure:
app.py / __init__.py → Flask app, db.init, register blueprints
models.py → tables
routes.py / views → @app.route functions
templates/ → Jinja HTML
static/ → css, images
instance/*.db → SQLite
Ek route explain karne ka template:
1) URL + methods 2) Auth/role check 3) Form/query se data 4) Business rule (duplicate, slots) 5) db.session 6) render ya redirect
Example GET+POST same route: GET form, POST save.
Data HTML se: form name= → request.form. Data HTML ko: render_template(..., items=query).
Nayi .py file: import karke use karo, warna Flask ko pata nahi. Folder rename: imports/paths/templates check.
6

Explain a specific route from your project.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleRoutes/controllers URLs handle karte hain. app.py app banata hai, models.py data, templates/ views, static/ CSS-JS.
Typical structure:
app.py / __init__.py → Flask app, db.init, register blueprints
models.py → tables
routes.py / views → @app.route functions
templates/ → Jinja HTML
static/ → css, images
instance/*.db → SQLite
Ek route explain karne ka template:
1) URL + methods 2) Auth/role check 3) Form/query se data 4) Business rule (duplicate, slots) 5) db.session 6) render ya redirect
Example GET+POST same route: GET form, POST save.
Data HTML se: form name= → request.form. Data HTML ko: render_template(..., items=query).
Nayi .py file: import karke use karo, warna Flask ko pata nahi. Folder rename: imports/paths/templates check.
7

Explain one Create route.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleRoutes/controllers URLs handle karte hain. app.py app banata hai, models.py data, templates/ views, static/ CSS-JS.
Typical structure:
app.py / __init__.py → Flask app, db.init, register blueprints
models.py → tables
routes.py / views → @app.route functions
templates/ → Jinja HTML
static/ → css, images
instance/*.db → SQLite
Ek route explain karne ka template:
1) URL + methods 2) Auth/role check 3) Form/query se data 4) Business rule (duplicate, slots) 5) db.session 6) render ya redirect
Example GET+POST same route: GET form, POST save.
Data HTML se: form name= → request.form. Data HTML ko: render_template(..., items=query).
Nayi .py file: import karke use karo, warna Flask ko pata nahi. Folder rename: imports/paths/templates check.

Explain the Login and Logout routes.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleLogin GET form dikhata hai, POST credentials check karke session set karta hai.

@app.route('/login', methods=['GET','POST'])
def login():
    if request.method == 'POST':
        u = User.query.filter_by(email=request.form.get('email')).first()
        if u and check_password_hash(u.password, request.form.get('password')):
            if getattr(u, 'blacklisted', False):
                flash('Blocked'); return redirect(url_for('login'))
            session['user_id'] = u.id
            session['role'] = u.role
            return redirect(url_for('dashboard'))
        flash('Invalid')
    return render_template('login.html')

Logout: session.clear(); redirect login. Incognito alag cookie jar — logged out dikhega.
Single login page: role se redirect alag dashboards.

9

Show the login form (frontend and backend).

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleFrontend user jo dekhta/click karta hai, Backend server logic + database.
Frontend: HTML, CSS, Bootstrap, Jinja templates, thoda JS. Browser pe chalta hai.
Backend: Flask routes, SQLAlchemy, session, validation. Python server pe.
Data flow: form POST → Flask request.form → DB save → render_template/redirect → HTML dikha.
MAD1 typical stack: Flask + Jinja + SQLAlchemy + SQLite + Bootstrap.
10
Show all Jinja templates/files.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleJinja2 Flask ka template engine hai. HTML ke andar Python-jaisa data print/loop/if kar sakte ho.
Bina Jinja har user ke liye alag HTML file. Jinja se ek template + data.
```
{{ user.name }} print, {% for x in items %} loop, {% if %} condition, {% extends %} layout.
```
Example routereturn render_template('dash.html', treks=treks)
dash.html: {% for t in treks %}<li>{{ t.name }}</li>{% endfor %}
HTML files templates/ folder mein isliye kyunki Flask default wahan dhundhta hai. render_template Jinja ko run karta hai.
Boolean Jinja handle karta hai: {% if user.is_admin %}.
11
Swap the positions of two graphs on the summary page.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh MAD-1 viva question tumhare project ke context se linked hai. Short answer is structure se do:
Pehle 1 line definition/purpose, phir tumhare project ka example, phir chhota code/flow.
Typical Flask flowBrowser request → @app.route controller → SQLAlchemy model/DB → Jinja template response.
Auth: session['user_id'] + role check. CRUD: add/commit, query.all, field update, delete.
Live change maange to: related model → route → template, phir browser refresh karke dikhao.
Example (generic create):
obj = Model(name=request.form.get('name'))
```
db.session.add(obj); db.session.commit()
return redirect(url_for('list_view'))
```
12
Change booking date to default to today - 1 day using datetime and timedelta.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simpledatetime date/time, timedelta farq (1 day pehle).
```
from datetime import datetime, timedelta, date
default = date.today() - timedelta(days=1)
Booking date past na ho: if d < date.today(): flash('Past date nahi')
```
UTC: datetime.utcnow default= ke liye.
13
Convert all service names to uppercase.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh list filter/sort/display task hai. Query badlo, template same rakh sakte ho.
```
rows = Model.query.filter_by(status='approved').order_by(Model.name.asc()).all()
```
Jinja: {% for r in rows %}<tr><td>{{ r.name|upper }}</td></tr>{% endfor %}
```
{{ rows|length }} count dikhane ke liye.
```
Alphabet sort: order_by(Model.name). Status filter: filter_by(status='pending').
Assigned staff column: relationship se {{ booking.staff.name }}.
14
Display customer addresses in uppercase.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh list filter/sort/display task hai. Query badlo, template same rakh sakte ho.
```
rows = Model.query.filter_by(status='approved').order_by(Model.name.asc()).all()
```
Jinja: {% for r in rows %}<tr><td>{{ r.name|upper }}</td></tr>{% endfor %}
```
{{ rows|length }} count dikhane ke liye.
```
Alphabet sort: order_by(Model.name). Status filter: filter_by(status='pending').
Assigned staff column: relationship se {{ booking.staff.name }}.
15
Store/display service prices with decimal values (after division by 1000).

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh MAD-1 viva question tumhare project ke context se linked hai. Short answer is structure se do:
Pehle 1 line definition/purpose, phir tumhare project ka example, phir chhota code/flow.
Typical Flask flowBrowser request → @app.route controller → SQLAlchemy model/DB → Jinja template response.
Auth: session['user_id'] + role check. CRUD: add/commit, query.all, field update, delete.
Live change maange to: related model → route → template, phir browser refresh karke dikhao.
Example (generic create):
obj = Model(name=request.form.get('name'))
```
db.session.add(obj); db.session.commit()
return redirect(url_for('list_view'))
```
16
Sort service requests alphabetically by customer name.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh list filter/sort/display task hai. Query badlo, template same rakh sakte ho.
```
rows = Model.query.filter_by(status='approved').order_by(Model.name.asc()).all()
```
Jinja: {% for r in rows %}<tr><td>{{ r.name|upper }}</td></tr>{% endfor %}
```
{{ rows|length }} count dikhane ke liye.
```
Alphabet sort: order_by(Model.name). Status filter: filter_by(status='pending').
Assigned staff column: relationship se {{ booking.staff.name }}.
17
Sort subjects alphabetically.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh list filter/sort/display task hai. Query badlo, template same rakh sakte ho.
```
rows = Model.query.filter_by(status='approved').order_by(Model.name.asc()).all()
```
Jinja: {% for r in rows %}<tr><td>{{ r.name|upper }}</td></tr>{% endfor %}
```
{{ rows|length }} count dikhane ke liye.
```
Alphabet sort: order_by(Model.name). Status filter: filter_by(status='pending').
Assigned staff column: relationship se {{ booking.staff.name }}.
18
Change pie chart colors.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleChart.js frontend library. Backend counts bhejta hai, JS graph banata hai.
stats = {'booked': 10, 'cancelled': 2}
```
render_template('summary.html', stats=stats)
new Chart(ctx, {type:'bar', data:{labels:[...], datasets:[{data:[...]}]}})
```
Dynamic: har load pe query. Pie vs bar: Chart type change. Colors: backgroundColor array.
Swap graphs: HTML do canvas ki jagah badlo.
19
Create a dropdown containing all parking lots.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh project-specific feature add/modify hai. 4 layers touch karo: model, route, template, validation.
1) Data chahiye to models.py mein column/relationship + DB update (ALTER / migrate / create_all).
2) Route: GET pe form/page, POST pe request.form se save, flash + redirect.
3) Template: input name=... Jinja se {{ obj.field }} display.
4) Rule: duplicate, range, role check backend pe.
Example naya field 'city':
```
user.city = db.Column(db.String(50))
user.city = request.form.get('city')
<input name='city'>  ...  {{ user.city }}
```
20
Create a page with: Date input. Display unique parking lots used on that date. Results sorted alphabetically.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh project-specific feature add/modify hai. 4 layers touch karo: model, route, template, validation.
1) Data chahiye to models.py mein column/relationship + DB update (ALTER / migrate / create_all).
2) Route: GET pe form/page, POST pe request.form se save, flash + redirect.
3) Template: input name=... Jinja se {{ obj.field }} display.
4) Rule: duplicate, range, role check backend pe.
Example naya field 'city':
```
user.city = db.Column(db.String(50))
user.city = request.form.get('city')
<input name='city'>  ...  {{ user.city }}
```
21
Create a form with: Username input. Dynamically populated parking lot dropdown. Search button. Display all spots booked by that user for the selected parking lot.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh live UI/CSS change hai. Examiner jo element bole uski CSS turant badlo.
Bootstrap class badlo (btn-primary → btn-success, bg-dark → bg-warning) ya inline style='color:red; background:#eee'.
Center: d-flex justify-content-center text-center. Navbar neeche: navbar fixed-bottom.
Example
```
<button class='btn btn-success' style='background:#16a34a'>Book</button>
```
Pehle browser inspect karke class dhundo, phir template mein change karke refresh.
22

Why do we use a Virtual Environment?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplevenv isolated Python environment — project ke packages system Python se mix nahi hote.
python -m venv .venv
source .venv/bin/activate # Windows: .venv\Scripts\activate
pip install -r requirements.txt
Do projects alag Flask versions rakh sakte hain. Viva: pehle venv activate, phir flask run.
23
What is ORM? Why is it used?

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleORM = Object Relational Mapping. Database tables ko Python classes/objects se map karta hai, raw SQL kam likhni padti hai.
Bina ORM: cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM user WHERE id=?', [5])
ORM se: User.query.get(5) ya db.session.get(User, 5)
Example model
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True)
```
FaydePython mein soch sakte ho, SQL injection se protection (parameterized), relationships easy, DB switch thoda aasan.
Nuksaancomplex queries slow/abstract, seekhne ki layer extra, kabhi raw SQL phir bhi chahiye.
MAD1: SQLAlchemy (Flask-SQLAlchemy). Tables db.create_all() ya migrations se banti hain.
24
What ORM have you used?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleORM = Object Relational Mapping. Database tables ko Python classes/objects se map karta hai, raw SQL kam likhni padti hai.
Bina ORM: cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM user WHERE id=?', [5])
ORM se: User.query.get(5) ya db.session.get(User, 5)
Example model
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True)
```
FaydePython mein soch sakte ho, SQL injection se protection (parameterized), relationships easy, DB switch thoda aasan.
Nuksaancomplex queries slow/abstract, seekhne ki layer extra, kabhi raw SQL phir bhi chahiye.
MAD1: SQLAlchemy (Flask-SQLAlchemy). Tables db.create_all() ya migrations se banti hain.
25

What is MVC Architecture?

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleMVC = Model-View-Controller. Code ko 3 hisson mein baant ta hai taaki mix na ho.
Model: data + DB. models.py — User, Trek, Booking classes.
View: jo user dekhta hai. templates/*.html + Jinja.
Controller: beech ka logic. routes / app.py — request lo, model se data, view ko do.
Example flow (register):
Browser form POST → Controller register() → User model save → redirect → View dashboard.html
Draw: Browser → Controller → Model → DB, phir Controller → View → Browser.
ORM na ho to bhi MVC ho sakta hai — Model raw SQL functions ho sakte hain. Structure matter karta hai, library nahi.
MVP/MVVM doosri architectures hain; MAD1 mein MVC expected hai.
26

What other software architectures do you know?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Definition style question: 1 line simple Hinglish + project example + mini code.
Template'X ka kaam Y hai. Mere project mein Z jagah use hua.'
Example'Session login state rakhta hai. session[user_id]=u.id login pe, logout pe session.clear().'
Agar topic Vue/Celery/Redis ho aur project mein nahi hai to sach bolo, theory example do.
27
What is app = Flask(__name__)? Why is __name__ used?

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simpleapp = Flask(__name__) app banata hai; if __name__ == '__main__' tabhi server start jab file directly run ho.
```
app = Flask(__name__)
if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(debug=True, port=5000)
```
__name__ module ka naam. Direct run pe '__main__', import pe filename. Import karoge to server auto-start nahi — tests/blueprints ke liye zaroori.
debug=True: auto-reload + debugger. Production mein band rakho (security).
Port: app.run(port=8000) ya flask run --port 8000. Default 5000. Haan, change ho sakta hai.
28
What is app.config["SECRET_KEY"]? Why is it needed?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleSECRET_KEY Flask ka secret jisse session cookies sign/encrypt hoti hain.
```
app.config['SECRET_KEY'] = os.getenv('SECRET_KEY', 'dev-key')
```
Iske bina session/flash unreliable ya insecure. Key leak = attacker session forge kar sakta hai.
Hardcode mat karo production mein — .env / environment variable. Flash messages bhi session use karti hain, isliye SECRET_KEY se related hain.
Hataane pe session kaam nahi / warning. Change karne pe purane sessions invalid.
29
What happens if the Secret Key is removed?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleSECRET_KEY Flask ka secret jisse session cookies sign/encrypt hoti hain.
```
app.config['SECRET_KEY'] = os.getenv('SECRET_KEY', 'dev-key')
```
Iske bina session/flash unreliable ya insecure. Key leak = attacker session forge kar sakta hai.
Hardcode mat karo production mein — .env / environment variable. Flash messages bhi session use karti hain, isliye SECRET_KEY se related hain.
Hataane pe session kaam nahi / warning. Change karne pe purane sessions invalid.
30
What is app.app_context().push()? Why is it used?

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleApplication context app-level data (config, db), Request context ek HTTP request (request, session).
Request ke andar Flask khud context push karta hai. Scripts/shell mein db query ke liye:
```
with app.app_context():
    User.query.all()
```
app.app_context().push() same, lekin with better (cleanup).
current_app proxy current Flask app ki taraf. Factory pattern mein import app cycle avoid.
Request context ke bahar request.form error dega.
31

How are sessions stored?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Definition style question: 1 line simple Hinglish + project example + mini code.
Template'X ka kaam Y hai. Mere project mein Z jagah use hua.'
Example'Session login state rakhta hai. session[user_id]=u.id login pe, logout pe session.clear().'
Agar topic Vue/Celery/Redis ho aur project mein nahi hai to sach bolo, theory example do.
32

How does backend send data to the frontend?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Definition style question: 1 line simple Hinglish + project example + mini code.
Template'X ka kaam Y hai. Mere project mein Z jagah use hua.'
Example'Session login state rakhta hai. session[user_id]=u.id login pe, logout pe session.clear().'
Agar topic Vue/Celery/Redis ho aur project mein nahi hai to sach bolo, theory example do.
33

Can a Flask endpoint return a Boolean?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Definition style question: 1 line simple Hinglish + project example + mini code.
Template'X ka kaam Y hai. Mere project mein Z jagah use hua.'
Example'Session login state rakhta hai. session[user_id]=u.id login pe, logout pe session.clear().'
Agar topic Vue/Celery/Redis ho aur project mein nahi hai to sach bolo, theory example do.
34
Explain flask_sqlalchemy import.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleSQLAlchemy Python ka sabse popular ORM hai. MAD1 mein Flask-SQLAlchemy wrapper use hota hai.
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
```
class Book(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    title = db.Column(db.String(80), nullable=False)

Operations: db.session.add(obj), .commit(), .delete(obj), Model.query.all(), .filter_by(), .get_or_404(id).
db.Model ek class hai (function nahi). db object engine + session + metadata hold karta hai.
```
SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS=False extra signals band karta hai, performance warning hatati hai.
35
Explain @staticmethod and where you used it.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleOOP = objects + classes. Inheritance child parent ke fields/methods reuse karta hai.
```
class User(db.Model): ...
class Admin(User): ...  # model inheritance (joiner ya single table)
```
Models inherit db.Model se taaki query/columns milen.
```
@staticmethod: self nahi, utility. isinstance(obj, User) type check.
```
MAD1 models classes hain, routes functions — mix of OOP + procedural.
36
Explain UserMixin and why it is used.

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleUserMixin Flask-Login ko batata hai user object kaise treat karna hai (is_authenticated, get_id).
```
class User(db.Model, UserMixin):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
```
current_user proxy logged-in user. Initialize: login_user(user) / user_loader callback.
Flask-WTF: Python classes se forms, CSRF, validators. RegisterForm forms.py mein.
fs_uniquifier Flask-Security mein token/session identity — email change pe sessions invalidate.
enctype='multipart/form-data' file upload pe zaroori. request.files.get('resume').
37
What is the datatype returned by .query.filter_by(...)?

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh list filter/sort/display task hai. Query badlo, template same rakh sakte ho.
```
rows = Model.query.filter_by(status='approved').order_by(Model.name.asc()).all()
```
Jinja: {% for r in rows %}<tr><td>{{ r.name|upper }}</td></tr>{% endfor %}
```
{{ rows|length }} count dikhane ke liye.
```
Alphabet sort: order_by(Model.name). Status filter: filter_by(status='pending').
Assigned staff column: relationship se {{ booking.staff.name }}.
38

Which database are you using?

Times asked 3

Official solution

SimpleSQLite file-based chhota DB, MySQL/Postgres server-based production DB.
SQLite fayde: zero setup, ek .db file, MAD1/dev ke liye perfect, portable.
Nuksaanconcurrent writes kam, user/password nahi, network access nahi, production scale nahi.
MySQL: users, permissions, concurrent, replica. App factory mein URI change karke switch: sqlite:///app.db → mysql://...
39

What is Cascade?

Times asked 4

Official solution

SimpleCascade parent ke saath child pe automatic action (generally delete).
Company delete → uski drives bhi delete, warna orphan rows / FK error.
SQLAlchemy: db.relationship('Drive', cascade='all, delete-orphan', backref='company')
SQL: ForeignKey(..., ondelete='CASCADE')
Cascade sirf delete nahi: save-update, merge, refresh-expire, expunge, delete-orphan.
Cascade Update: parent PK change to child FK update (rare, PK mat badlo).
Parent delete jab children active hon: constraint error, ya cascade se children gayab, ya pehle children handle karo — design choice examiner poochta hai.
CSS cascading alag topic hai (styles inherit/override).
40

Can Cascade be used only for Delete?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleCascade parent ke saath child pe automatic action (generally delete).
Company delete → uski drives bhi delete, warna orphan rows / FK error.
SQLAlchemy: db.relationship('Drive', cascade='all, delete-orphan', backref='company')
SQL: ForeignKey(..., ondelete='CASCADE')
Cascade sirf delete nahi: save-update, merge, refresh-expire, expunge, delete-orphan.
Cascade Update: parent PK change to child FK update (rare, PK mat badlo).
Parent delete jab children active hon: constraint error, ya cascade se children gayab, ya pehle children handle karo — design choice examiner poochta hai.
CSS cascading alag topic hai (styles inherit/override).
41
What is backref?

Times asked 12
Official solution

Simplebackref relationship ki reverse side automatically bana deta hai.
```
class Post(db.Model):
    user_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('user.id'))
    user = db.relationship('User', backref='posts')
```
Ab post.user milta hai, aur user.posts bhi — Post model pe sirf ek line.
secondary Many-to-Many junction table ke liye: relationship(..., secondary=likes_table, backref='liked_by').
Explicit chahiye to back_populates use karo.
42
What does lazy=True mean?

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simplelazy loading related objects tab load karta hai jab attribute access karte ho, pehle nahi.
```
user = User.query.get(1)  # posts query nahi
```
user.posts # ab query
lazy=True / 'select' default. lazy='joined' eager join. lazy='dynamic' query object.
uselist=False One-to-One (single object, list nahi). Hataoge to list mil sakti hai.
Frontend lazy loading images alag cheez hai (viewport mein aaye tab load).
43

What is Enum?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Definition style question: 1 line simple Hinglish + project example + mini code.
Template'X ka kaam Y hai. Mere project mein Z jagah use hua.'
Example'Session login state rakhta hai. session[user_id]=u.id login pe, logout pe session.clear().'
Agar topic Vue/Celery/Redis ho aur project mein nahi hai to sach bolo, theory example do.
44

Is your database normalized?

Times asked 3

Official solution

SimpleNormalization data ko split karke redundancy aur update-anomalies kam karti hai.
1NF: atomic values, repeating groups nahi (comma-separated skills mat rakho).
2NF: 1NF + non-key columns poori PK pe depend (composite keys pe).
3NF: 2NF + non-key columns ek doosre pe depend na hon (city→state alag table).
Examplehar booking mein user ka poora address copy vs user_id se User table.
MAD1 project generally 3NF ke kareeb. Higher NF (BCNF) theoretically, practical apps denormalize speed ke liye (cached counts).
Leaderboard: alag table better agar history/rank chahiye; sirf count hai to query se bhi ho sakta hai.
45

Explain different Normal Forms.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleNormalization data ko split karke redundancy aur update-anomalies kam karti hai.
1NF: atomic values, repeating groups nahi (comma-separated skills mat rakho).
2NF: 1NF + non-key columns poori PK pe depend (composite keys pe).
3NF: 2NF + non-key columns ek doosre pe depend na hon (city→state alag table).
Examplehar booking mein user ka poora address copy vs user_id se User table.
MAD1 project generally 3NF ke kareeb. Higher NF (BCNF) theoretically, practical apps denormalize speed ke liye (cached counts).
Leaderboard: alag table better agar history/rank chahiye; sirf count hai to query se bhi ho sakta hai.
46
What is db.func.count()?

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simpledb Flask-SQLAlchemy ka object hai. Models db.Model se inherit karti hain, tables db.create_all() se banti hain.
db = SQLAlchemy()
db.init_app(app) # factory pattern
```
with app.app_context():
    db.create_all()

db.Model SQLAlchemy declarative base (class). Columns se table schema.
```
db properties engine/session/metadata se aati hain, Flask app config (SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI) se bind.
Admin user: create_all sirf tables; admin seed alag function mein (if not User.query.filter_by(role='admin').first(): ...).
Live schema change: Flask-Migrate/Alembic. create_all nayi tables add kare, existing columns alter nahi karta generally.
47
What is an API?

Times asked 8
Official solution

SimpleAPI = Application Programming Interface — do systems predefined rules se baat karti hain. REST API HTTP + JSON use karti hai.
Controller/route HTML bhi return kar sakta hai. REST API generally JSON return karti hai, frontend alag ho (Vue/Postman).
Example
```
@app.route('/api/users/<int:id>')
def get_user(id):
    u = User.query.get_or_404(id)
    return jsonify(id=u.id, name=u.name)
```
MAD1 HTML apps mein 'API' kabhi-kabhi routes ko hi keh dete hain. Agar Vue nahi to bolo: server-rendered Flask, JSON APIs optional.
Boolean return: technically jsonify(True) ho sakta hai, lekin meaningful JSON object better. Flask view None return kare to error.
Test: Postman se GET/POST.
Parsing: request.get_json() body se, request.args query se.
48
What is a RESTful API?

Times asked 4
Official solution

SimpleAPI = Application Programming Interface — do systems predefined rules se baat karti hain. REST API HTTP + JSON use karti hai.
Controller/route HTML bhi return kar sakta hai. REST API generally JSON return karti hai, frontend alag ho (Vue/Postman).
Example
```
@app.route('/api/users/<int:id>')
def get_user(id):
    u = User.query.get_or_404(id)
    return jsonify(id=u.id, name=u.name)
```
MAD1 HTML apps mein 'API' kabhi-kabhi routes ko hi keh dete hain. Agar Vue nahi to bolo: server-rendered Flask, JSON APIs optional.
Boolean return: technically jsonify(True) ho sakta hai, lekin meaningful JSON object better. Flask view None return kare to error.
Test: Postman se GET/POST.
Parsing: request.get_json() body se, request.args query se.
49
Have you used any APIs?

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleAPI = Application Programming Interface — do systems predefined rules se baat karti hain. REST API HTTP + JSON use karti hai.
Controller/route HTML bhi return kar sakta hai. REST API generally JSON return karti hai, frontend alag ho (Vue/Postman).
Example
```
@app.route('/api/users/<int:id>')
def get_user(id):
    u = User.query.get_or_404(id)
    return jsonify(id=u.id, name=u.name)
```
MAD1 HTML apps mein 'API' kabhi-kabhi routes ko hi keh dete hain. Agar Vue nahi to bolo: server-rendered Flask, JSON APIs optional.
Boolean return: technically jsonify(True) ho sakta hai, lekin meaningful JSON object better. Flask view None return kare to error.
Test: Postman se GET/POST.
Parsing: request.get_json() body se, request.args query se.
50

How do you use the PUT method?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Definition style question: 1 line simple Hinglish + project example + mini code.
Template'X ka kaam Y hai. Mere project mein Z jagah use hua.'
Example'Session login state rakhta hai. session[user_id]=u.id login pe, logout pe session.clear().'
Agar topic Vue/Celery/Redis ho aur project mein nahi hai to sach bolo, theory example do.
51
Explain CORS.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Examiner code pe ungli rakh ke poochta hai — panic mat karo, 4-line formula bolo.
1) Yeh file/line kya role hai (model / route / template / config)?
2) Input kahan se aata hai (form, URL <id>, session, JSON)?
3) DB pe kya query/write?
4) Output kya (render_template / redirect / jsonify)?
Example
```
@app.route('/book/<int:id>', methods=['POST']) — logged-in user session se, trek id URL se, Booking add, slots--, redirect history.
```
Unknown line: imports (request, url_for, flash), decorators, if checks, commit — har keyword ka reason ready rakho.
52
Why did you use Jinja?

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleJinja2 Flask ka template engine hai. HTML ke andar Python-jaisa data print/loop/if kar sakte ho.
Bina Jinja har user ke liye alag HTML file. Jinja se ek template + data.
```
{{ user.name }} print, {% for x in items %} loop, {% if %} condition, {% extends %} layout.
```
Example routereturn render_template('dash.html', treks=treks)
dash.html: {% for t in treks %}<li>{{ t.name }}</li>{% endfor %}
HTML files templates/ folder mein isliye kyunki Flask default wahan dhundhta hai. render_template Jinja ko run karta hai.
Boolean Jinja handle karta hai: {% if user.is_admin %}.
53
What is Template Inheritance?

Times asked 10
Official solution

Simpleextends poora layout inherit karta hai, include chhota piece insert karta hai.
extends: child page base.html ka structure use karti hai, blocks override karti hai. Ek hi parent.
include: navbar.html / footer.html jahan chaho insert. Kai baar use ho sakta hai.
base.html:
```
{% block content %}{% endblock %}

home.html:
{% extends 'base.html' %}
{% block content %}<h1>Home</h1>{% endblock %}

{% include 'navbar.html' %}  → navbar har page pe
```
Fayda: header/footer ek jagah, change once — saari pages update. MAD1 mein almost har project use karta hai.
54
Difference between {% include %} and {% extends %}.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simpleextends poora layout inherit karta hai, include chhota piece insert karta hai.
extends: child page base.html ka structure use karti hai, blocks override karti hai. Ek hi parent.
include: navbar.html / footer.html jahan chaho insert. Kai baar use ho sakta hai.
base.html:
```
{% block content %}{% endblock %}

home.html:
{% extends 'base.html' %}
{% block content %}<h1>Home</h1>{% endblock %}

{% include 'navbar.html' %}  → navbar har page pe
```
Fayda: header/footer ek jagah, change once — saari pages update. MAD1 mein almost har project use karta hai.
55

Why are HTML files kept inside the templates folder?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Definition style question: 1 line simple Hinglish + project example + mini code.
Template'X ka kaam Y hai. Mere project mein Z jagah use hua.'
Example'Session login state rakhta hai. session[user_id]=u.id login pe, logout pe session.clear().'
Agar topic Vue/Celery/Redis ho aur project mein nahi hai to sach bolo, theory example do.
56

What changes are required if the folder name is changed?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Definition style question: 1 line simple Hinglish + project example + mini code.
Template'X ka kaam Y hai. Mere project mein Z jagah use hua.'
Example'Session login state rakhta hai. session[user_id]=u.id login pe, logout pe session.clear().'
Agar topic Vue/Celery/Redis ho aur project mein nahi hai to sach bolo, theory example do.
57

Difference between id (#) and class (.) selectors.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simple# ID selector hai (ek unique element), . class selector hai (kai elements).
#login-btn { color: red; } → id='login-btn'
.btn { padding: 8px; } → class='btn'
ID page mein unique hona chahiye. Class reuse hoti hai — saare buttons .btn.
CSS specificity: ID > class > element. Isliye # wala style . wale ko haarata hai.
HTML: id JavaScript/getElementById ke liye, class styling groups ke liye.
58

What does .class mean in CSS?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simple# ID selector hai (ek unique element), . class selector hai (kai elements).
#login-btn { color: red; } → id='login-btn'
.btn { padding: 8px; } → class='btn'
ID page mein unique hona chahiye. Class reuse hoti hai — saare buttons .btn.
CSS specificity: ID > class > element. Isliye # wala style . wale ko haarata hai.
HTML: id JavaScript/getElementById ke liye, class styling groups ke liye.
59
Difference between CSS spacing and padding.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh live UI/CSS change hai. Examiner jo element bole uski CSS turant badlo.
Bootstrap class badlo (btn-primary → btn-success, bg-dark → bg-warning) ya inline style='color:red; background:#eee'.
Center: d-flex justify-content-center text-center. Navbar neeche: navbar fixed-bottom.
Example
```
<button class='btn btn-success' style='background:#16a34a'>Book</button>
```
Pehle browser inspect karke class dhundo, phir template mein change karke refresh.
60

Difference between cellpadding and cellspacing.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplecellpadding cell ke andar gap, cellspacing cells ke beech gap.
cellpadding: text aur cell border ke beech khali jagah (andar).
cellspacing: do cells ke beech khali jagah (bahar).
Old HTML: <table cellpadding='10' cellspacing='5'>
Modern CSS:
td { padding: 10px; } /* padding */
table { border-spacing: 5px; } /* spacing */
border-collapse: collapse spacing hata deta hai, borders mil jaate hain.
61

Priority order of Inline, Internal, and External CSS.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleCSS 3 tarikon se lagti hai, priority Inline > Internal > External (same specificity pe).
Inline: style='color:red' element pe. Highest priority, lekin reuse nahi. Debugging mushkil.
Internal: <style> tag HTML head mein. Us page tak limited.
External: style.css file. Large project ke liye best — ek jagah change, saari pages update.
Example same button pe teeno:
/* external */ .btn { color: blue; }
/* internal */ .btn { color: green; }
 <button class='btn' style='color:red'> → red jeetega
ID (#box) class (.btn) se strong, class element (button) se strong.
!important sabko override karta hai — avoid karo.
Large project: external CSS preferred.
62
What is the name attribute in an HTML input?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleForm user input server ko bhejti hai. Table rows/columns dikhati hai.
```
<form action="{{ url_for('register') }}" method='POST' enctype='multipart/form-data'>
  <input name='email' required>
  <button type='submit'>Go</button>
</form>
```
name attribute server pe key ban'ti hai: request.form['email']. id JS/CSS, value default/dikhta hua text.
action URL. method GET/POST. enctype file upload pe multipart.
required frontend empty submit rokta hai (backend phir bhi check).
```
<table><thead><tr><th>Name</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>{{ u.name }}</td></tr></tbody></table>
```
th header, td data, tr row. Nested table: td ke andar table (avoid, messy).
method hataoge to GET, password URL mein — buri baat.
63

Difference between name and value attributes.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Difference question hai — 3 cheezein bolo: meaning, kab use, 1 example.
Pehle concept A ek line, phir B ek line, phir table-jaisa farq (input/output/side-effect).
Example hamesha MAD1 se: GET search page, POST register, PUT/PATCH API update, session vs cookie login.
64
Explain GET vs POST using an anchor tag.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleGET data mangta hai (read), POST data bhejta hai (create/submit).
GETURL mein dikhta hai, bookmark ho sakta hai, browser back/refresh safe hai, data URL query mein jaata hai. Search, page open, login form dikhana.
POSTbody mein data jaata hai, URL mein password nahi dikhta, refresh pe dubara submit ho sakta hai. Login, register, form save.
Example
# page dikhana
```
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
    if request.method == 'GET':
        return render_template('login.html')
    # POST: form submit
    email = request.form.get('email')
    ...
```
GET se theoretically data bhej sakte ho (?q=flask), lekin create/update ke liye nahi use karna — data log/history mein save ho jaata hai, length limit hoti hai.
HTML form default GET hota hai; method='POST' likhna zaroori hai login/register pe.
65

What is Version Control System? Give an example.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleVCS history track karta hai, Git ek distributed VCS hai.
VCS: kaun kab kya change kiya, rollback, branches. Example: Git, SVN.
Git distributed: har developer ke paas poori copy (commits) hoti hai. Central GitHub sirf remote hosting hai, lekin Git ka model distributed hai.
SVN centralized: bina server ke history nahi.
Commands: git status (kya dirty hai), git branch / git checkout -b feature (nayi branch), git rm --cached file (track band, file rahe).
Fayda: collaboration, backup, experiment branches, viva GitHub collaborator check.
Git ke bina bhi files rakh sakte ho, lekin history/merge nahi.
66

What is HTTP Metadata?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simple mix of small concepts examiners poochte hain:
Enum: fixed choices (status = pending/approved). Python Enum ya DB Enum column.
Lambda: one-line anonymous function. key=lambda x: x.name sort ke liye.
datetime: dates/times. timedelta(days=1) yesterday. default=datetime.utcnow.
os.getenv('SECRET_KEY') environment se config, hardcode nahi. .env alternative: actual OS env, config.py, vault.
HTML metadata: <meta charset>, <meta name='viewport'> — page ke baare mein, body content nahi.
HTTP metadata: headers (Content-Type, Set-Cookie).
Request payload: body data (JSON/form).
Namespace: naam collide na hon (Blueprint name, Python packages).
Plugins: extra packages (Flask-Login). Package vs module: package folder with __init__, module ek .py file.
67

What is Metadata in HTML?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simple mix of small concepts examiners poochte hain:
Enum: fixed choices (status = pending/approved). Python Enum ya DB Enum column.
Lambda: one-line anonymous function. key=lambda x: x.name sort ke liye.
datetime: dates/times. timedelta(days=1) yesterday. default=datetime.utcnow.
os.getenv('SECRET_KEY') environment se config, hardcode nahi. .env alternative: actual OS env, config.py, vault.
HTML metadata: <meta charset>, <meta name='viewport'> — page ke baare mein, body content nahi.
HTTP metadata: headers (Content-Type, Set-Cookie).
Request payload: body data (JSON/form).
Namespace: naam collide na hon (Blueprint name, Python packages).
Plugins: extra packages (Flask-Login). Package vs module: package folder with __init__, module ek .py file.
68

Difference between redirect() and render_template().

Times asked 2

Official solution

Simplerender_template HTML page bana ke turant dikhata hai, redirect user ko doosre URL pe bhej deta hai.
render_template('home.html', user=user) → server template fill karke 200 response deta hai. URL same rehta hai.
redirect(url_for('dashboard')) → 302 response, browser naya GET karta hai. URL change ho jaata hai.
Examplelogin POST successful hone ke baad render_template mat use karo, warna refresh pe form dubara submit ho jaayega.
Sahi tarika: redirect(url_for('dashboard')) — yeh Post-Redirect-Get pattern hai.
render_template tab: page dikhana hai with data.
redirect tab: kaam ho gaya, ab doosre page pe le jaana hai (login, delete, update ke baad).
69
Have you used Chart.js? Why?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleChart.js frontend library. Backend counts bhejta hai, JS graph banata hai.
stats = {'booked': 10, 'cancelled': 2}
```
render_template('summary.html', stats=stats)
new Chart(ctx, {type:'bar', data:{labels:[...], datasets:[{data:[...]}]}})
```
Dynamic: har load pe query. Pie vs bar: Chart type change. Colors: backgroundColor array.
Swap graphs: HTML do canvas ki jagah badlo.
70

What is the purpose of JavaScript in your project?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleJavaScript browser pe chalta hai — click, validation, Chart.js, Bootstrap modal.
Frameworks: Vue, React, Angular. MAD1 mein vanilla JS / Bootstrap JS kaafi.
Modal: popup overlay. Bootstrap: data-bs-toggle='modal' data-bs-target='#id'.
Flash hide: setTimeout se alert remove. Form submit confirm: onsubmit='return confirm(...)'.
Agar project mein JS kam hai to sach bolo, theory example do.
71

What is the purpose of functools.wraps and where is it used?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Definition style question: 1 line simple Hinglish + project example + mini code.
Template'X ka kaam Y hai. Mere project mein Z jagah use hua.'
Example'Session login state rakhta hai. session[user_id]=u.id login pe, logout pe session.clear().'
Agar topic Vue/Celery/Redis ho aur project mein nahi hai to sach bolo, theory example do.
72
Relationship between Flash messages and Secret Key.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleSECRET_KEY Flask ka secret jisse session cookies sign/encrypt hoti hain.
```
app.config['SECRET_KEY'] = os.getenv('SECRET_KEY', 'dev-key')
```
Iske bina session/flash unreliable ya insecure. Key leak = attacker session forge kar sakta hai.
Hardcode mat karo production mein — .env / environment variable. Flash messages bhi session use karti hain, isliye SECRET_KEY se related hain.
Hataane pe session kaam nahi / warning. Change karne pe purane sessions invalid.

See reviews Level1_105 MAD1 Level 1

Jul 30, 2026

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1

Run the web application.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleExaminer submitted ZIP chahta hai, local extra changes nahi.
Portal se ZIP download → extract → venv → pip install -r requirements.txt → flask run / python app.py.
Checksum maange to hash match karke dikhao. Camera/OPPE setup unke instructions.
Linux/Mac: paths, gunicorn; Windows paths alag ho to relative paths use karo.
Do browsers: admin + user parallel demo impressive lagta hai.
2

Demonstrate the complete project.

Times asked 3

Official solution

SimpleDemo script pehle se practice karo, 5-7 minute, saari roles.
Suggested flow
1) Register/login user 2) Admin login — CRUD 3) Approval/blacklist 4) Booking/apply 5) Search 6) Validation edge (slots 0, duplicate) 7) Logout
Bolte-bolte dikhao: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Code tab kholna jab poochhein.
Crash ho to debug calmly: terminal error, typo, DB path.
Mandatory features skip mat karna — examiner list tick karta hai.
3

Show all core functionalities of the application.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDemo script pehle se practice karo, 5-7 minute, saari roles.
Suggested flow
1) Register/login user 2) Admin login — CRUD 3) Approval/blacklist 4) Booking/apply 5) Search 6) Validation edge (slots 0, duplicate) 7) Logout
Bolte-bolte dikhao: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Code tab kholna jab poochhein.
Crash ho to debug calmly: terminal error, typo, DB path.
Mandatory features skip mat karna — examiner list tick karta hai.
4
Show and explain the database models (models.py).

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simplemodels.py har table ki class hai — columns, PK/FK, relationships. Yeh Model layer hai.
Viva mein file khol ke bolo:
1) Kaunsi classes/tables hain (User, Role-specific, Booking...)
2) Har table ka kaam 1 line
3) Relationships: 1-1 / 1-M / M-M, backref, cascade, lazy
4) Constraints: unique email, nullable, default status
Example skeleton
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True, nullable=False)
    role = db.Column(db.String(20), default='user')
    bookings = db.relationship('Booking', backref='user', cascade='all, delete-orphan')
```
ER diagram: rectangles entities, lines relationships, PK/FK mark. Schema = yahi structure.
Tables create: db.create_all() ya migrations. SQLite file SQL viewer se dikha sakte ho.
5

Helped troubleshoot and fix a project error during setup/demo (not a question, but part of the viva experience).

Times asked 1

Official solution

Yeh feature demo hai. Account ready rakho, steps bol ke dikhao.
Role ke hisaab login → action (create/approve/book) → DB/UI pe result → edge case (fail when slots=0 / blacklisted).
Do browser windows: admin + user. Search/filter alag se dikhao.
Agar feature nahi hai to sach bolo aur 2 minute mein kaise add karoge (query + template) explain karo.

See reviews Level1_111 MAD1 Level 1

Jul 30, 2026

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1

Introduce yourself and show your College ID.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simple20-30 second intro, phir ID nikaal ke rakhna.
Example'Namaste, main <Name> hoon, IITM BS degree, MAD-1 project <ProjectName> — Flask, SQLAlchemy, Jinja. Roles: Admin, Staff, User. CRUD, auth, search implement kiye.'
Interest poochhe to ek genuine cheez (ML, web, cricket) + 1 line. Fake buzzwords mat maaro.
End mein feedback maangna theek hai: 'Koi improvement suggest karenge?'
2

Give a complete demo of the project.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDemo script pehle se practice karo, 5-7 minute, saari roles.
Suggested flow
1) Register/login user 2) Admin login — CRUD 3) Approval/blacklist 4) Booking/apply 5) Search 6) Validation edge (slots 0, duplicate) 7) Logout
Bolte-bolte dikhao: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Code tab kholna jab poochhein.
Crash ho to debug calmly: terminal error, typo, DB path.
Mandatory features skip mat karna — examiner list tick karta hai.
3
Create a new service.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh project-specific feature add/modify hai. 4 layers touch karo: model, route, template, validation.
1) Data chahiye to models.py mein column/relationship + DB update (ALTER / migrate / create_all).
2) Route: GET pe form/page, POST pe request.form se save, flash + redirect.
3) Template: input name=... Jinja se {{ obj.field }} display.
4) Rule: duplicate, range, role check backend pe.
Example naya field 'city':
```
user.city = db.Column(db.String(50))
user.city = request.form.get('city')
<input name='city'>  ...  {{ user.city }}
```
4

Register a professional for the newly created service.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Yeh feature demo hai. Account ready rakho, steps bol ke dikhao.
Role ke hisaab login → action (create/approve/book) → DB/UI pe result → edge case (fail when slots=0 / blacklisted).
Do browser windows: admin + user. Search/filter alag se dikhao.
Agar feature nahi hai to sach bolo aur 2 minute mein kaise add karoge (query + template) explain karo.
5
Create a service request.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh project-specific feature add/modify hai. 4 layers touch karo: model, route, template, validation.
1) Data chahiye to models.py mein column/relationship + DB update (ALTER / migrate / create_all).
2) Route: GET pe form/page, POST pe request.form se save, flash + redirect.
3) Template: input name=... Jinja se {{ obj.field }} display.
4) Rule: duplicate, range, role check backend pe.
Example naya field 'city':
```
user.city = db.Column(db.String(50))
user.city = request.form.get('city')
<input name='city'>  ...  {{ user.city }}
```
6
Accept the service request.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh MAD-1 viva question tumhare project ke context se linked hai. Short answer is structure se do:
Pehle 1 line definition/purpose, phir tumhare project ka example, phir chhota code/flow.
Typical Flask flowBrowser request → @app.route controller → SQLAlchemy model/DB → Jinja template response.
Auth: session['user_id'] + role check. CRUD: add/commit, query.all, field update, delete.
Live change maange to: related model → route → template, phir browser refresh karke dikhao.
Example (generic create):
obj = Model(name=request.form.get('name'))
```
db.session.add(obj); db.session.commit()
return redirect(url_for('list_view'))
```
7
Complete the workflow including rating and review.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh MAD-1 viva question tumhare project ke context se linked hai. Short answer is structure se do:
Pehle 1 line definition/purpose, phir tumhare project ka example, phir chhota code/flow.
Typical Flask flowBrowser request → @app.route controller → SQLAlchemy model/DB → Jinja template response.
Auth: session['user_id'] + role check. CRUD: add/commit, query.all, field update, delete.
Live change maange to: related model → route → template, phir browser refresh karke dikhao.
Example (generic create):
obj = Model(name=request.form.get('name'))
```
db.session.add(obj); db.session.commit()
return redirect(url_for('list_view'))
```
8

Demonstrate how errors are handled (e.g., no professionals available, user not logged in).

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDemo script pehle se practice karo, 5-7 minute, saari roles.
Suggested flow
1) Register/login user 2) Admin login — CRUD 3) Approval/blacklist 4) Booking/apply 5) Search 6) Validation edge (slots 0, duplicate) 7) Logout
Bolte-bolte dikhao: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Code tab kholna jab poochhein.
Crash ho to debug calmly: terminal error, typo, DB path.
Mandatory features skip mat karna — examiner list tick karta hai.
9

Explain the frontend and backend architecture.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleFrontend user jo dekhta/click karta hai, Backend server logic + database.
Frontend: HTML, CSS, Bootstrap, Jinja templates, thoda JS. Browser pe chalta hai.
Backend: Flask routes, SQLAlchemy, session, validation. Python server pe.
Data flow: form POST → Flask request.form → DB save → render_template/redirect → HTML dikha.
MAD1 typical stack: Flask + Jinja + SQLAlchemy + SQLite + Bootstrap.
10
Explain the tables used and their relationships.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Examiner code pe ungli rakh ke poochta hai — panic mat karo, 4-line formula bolo.
1) Yeh file/line kya role hai (model / route / template / config)?
2) Input kahan se aata hai (form, URL <id>, session, JSON)?
3) DB pe kya query/write?
4) Output kya (render_template / redirect / jsonify)?
Example
```
@app.route('/book/<int:id>', methods=['POST']) — logged-in user session se, trek id URL se, Booking add, slots--, redirect history.
```
Unknown line: imports (request, url_for, flash), decorators, if checks, commit — har keyword ka reason ready rakho.
11
Show and explain the ER Diagram.

Times asked 2
Official solution

Simplemodels.py har table ki class hai — columns, PK/FK, relationships. Yeh Model layer hai.
Viva mein file khol ke bolo:
1) Kaunsi classes/tables hain (User, Role-specific, Booking...)
2) Har table ka kaam 1 line
3) Relationships: 1-1 / 1-M / M-M, backref, cascade, lazy
4) Constraints: unique email, nullable, default status
Example skeleton
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True, nullable=False)
    role = db.Column(db.String(20), default='user')
    bookings = db.relationship('Booking', backref='user', cascade='all, delete-orphan')
```
ER diagram: rectangles entities, lines relationships, PK/FK mark. Schema = yahi structure.
Tables create: db.create_all() ya migrations. SQLite file SQL viewer se dikha sakte ho.
12

Explain how authorization and role-based access control is implemented in the code.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleRBAC = Role-Based Access Control — permission role se (admin/staff/user), har user pe alag nahi.
user.role = 'admin'
if current_user.role != 'admin': abort(403)
Same login page, role ke hisaab dashboard. Multiple roles: roles table Many-to-Many, ya comma field (behtar normalized table).
Unapproved staff: is_approved flag, login pe check.
Flask-Security/UserMixin is_authenticated, is_active, get_id dete hain.
13
Explain template inheritance and show where it is used.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simpleextends poora layout inherit karta hai, include chhota piece insert karta hai.
extends: child page base.html ka structure use karti hai, blocks override karti hai. Ek hi parent.
include: navbar.html / footer.html jahan chaho insert. Kai baar use ho sakta hai.
base.html:
```
{% block content %}{% endblock %}

home.html:
{% extends 'base.html' %}
{% block content %}<h1>Home</h1>{% endblock %}

{% include 'navbar.html' %}  → navbar har page pe
```
Fayda: header/footer ek jagah, change once — saari pages update. MAD1 mein almost har project use karta hai.
14
Why did you use Jinja?

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleJinja2 Flask ka template engine hai. HTML ke andar Python-jaisa data print/loop/if kar sakte ho.
Bina Jinja har user ke liye alag HTML file. Jinja se ek template + data.
```
{{ user.name }} print, {% for x in items %} loop, {% if %} condition, {% extends %} layout.
```
Example routereturn render_template('dash.html', treks=treks)
dash.html: {% for t in treks %}<li>{{ t.name }}</li>{% endfor %}
HTML files templates/ folder mein isliye kyunki Flask default wahan dhundhta hai. render_template Jinja ko run karta hai.
Boolean Jinja handle karta hai: {% if user.is_admin %}.
15
Difference between Authentication and Authorization.

Times asked 20
Official solution

SimpleAuthentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password check karke prove karte ho ki tum genuine user ho. Success pe session/token milta hai.
Authorization: uske baad role check. Admin hi parking lot delete kar sakta hai, normal user nahi.
Example (Flask):
# Authentication
```
if user and check_password_hash(user.password, form_password):
    session['user_id'] = user.id

# Authorization
if session.get('role') != 'admin':
    abort(403)  # logged in ho, lekin allowed nahi
```
Project example: student login = authentication. Student admin dashboard nahi khol sakta = authorization.
Validation alag cheez hai (form sahi bhara hai ya nahi, jaise age 18+).
16

Which database engine are you using? (SQLite)

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleSQLite file-based chhota DB, MySQL/Postgres server-based production DB.
SQLite fayde: zero setup, ek .db file, MAD1/dev ke liye perfect, portable.
Nuksaanconcurrent writes kam, user/password nahi, network access nahi, production scale nahi.
MySQL: users, permissions, concurrent, replica. App factory mein URI change karke switch: sqlite:///app.db → mysql://...
17
How are user ID proofs, photos, and other uploaded documents stored securely?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleFile upload form multipart, Flask request.files, disk ya DB path store.
```
<form method='POST' enctype='multipart/form-data'>
f = request.files.get('resume')
f.save(os.path.join('uploads', secure_filename(f.filename)))
```
Sensitive docs uploads/ web se seedha serve mat karo, login check ke baad send_from_directory.
Student resume edit: policy — allowed hai to Update route, nahi to freeze after apply.
18

Is anything (such as session cookies) stored on the client side?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleCookie browser mein save hoti hai, Session server pe data rakhta hai aur browser ko sirf ID deta hai.
Cookie: key-value browser pe. JS padh sakta hai (agar HttpOnly nahi). Size chhoti (~4KB).
Session: server-side dict. Flask default mein session data signed cookie mein hi store hota hai (client pe, lekin tamper-proof).
Example
session['user_id'] = 12 # login ke baad
# browser ko Set-Cookie milti hai
Tab close: default Flask session cookie browser close pe delete (session cookie). Permanent session alag hota hai.
Incognito: cookies isolated, isliye logged-in nahi dikhega.
SECRET_KEY se session sign hota hai — key nahi to session insecure/kaam nahi karega.
19

Why don't you have a cart system in your application? (Justify your design choice.)

Times asked 1

Official solution

Definition style question: 1 line simple Hinglish + project example + mini code.
Template'X ka kaam Y hai. Mere project mein Z jagah use hua.'
Example'Session login state rakhta hai. session[user_id]=u.id login pe, logout pe session.clear().'
Agar topic Vue/Celery/Redis ho aur project mein nahi hai to sach bolo, theory example do.

See reviews Level2_127 MAD1 Level 1

Jul 30, 2026

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1

Show your College ID card.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleCamera pe clearly IITM/college ID dikhao — naam photo match.
Pehle se ID haath mein rakho. Glare mat aane do. Examiner screenshot/verify karta hai. Iske baad GitHub + project run.
2

Show GitHub repository.

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleGitHub repo public/private policy ke hisaab, MAD-1 collaborator add, commits dikhao.
Repo → Settings → Collaborators → instructor added.
Commits: git log / GitHub History — regular commits better, ek dum 1 commit suspicious.
README + report mein AI usage likha hona chahiye agar use kiya.
3

Verify GitHub collaborator has been added.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleGitHub repo public/private policy ke hisaab, MAD-1 collaborator add, commits dikhao.
Repo → Settings → Collaborators → instructor added.
Commits: git log / GitHub History — regular commits better, ek dum 1 commit suspicious.
README + report mein AI usage likha hona chahiye agar use kiya.
4

Run checksum or download the project from the submission portal.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleChecksum file ka hash (jaise SHA256) — file change hui ya nahi verify.
Portal pe submitted ZIP ka checksum diya hota hai. Local file ka hash nikaalo, match hona chahiye.
Linux: sha256sum project.zip
Mismatch = galat file / corrupt download. Examiner integrity check karta hai ki tumhari submitted copy hi run ho rahi hai.
5

Set up and run the project.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleExaminer submitted ZIP chahta hai, local extra changes nahi.
Portal se ZIP download → extract → venv → pip install -r requirements.txt → flask run / python app.py.
Checksum maange to hash match karke dikhao. Camera/OPPE setup unke instructions.
Linux/Mac: paths, gunicorn; Windows paths alag ho to relative paths use karo.
Do browsers: admin + user parallel demo impressive lagta hai.
6
Explain the project (name, objective/motivation).

Times asked 1
Official solution

Examiner code pe ungli rakh ke poochta hai — panic mat karo, 4-line formula bolo.
1) Yeh file/line kya role hai (model / route / template / config)?
2) Input kahan se aata hai (form, URL <id>, session, JSON)?
3) DB pe kya query/write?
4) Output kya (render_template / redirect / jsonify)?
Example
```
@app.route('/book/<int:id>', methods=['POST']) — logged-in user session se, trek id URL se, Booking add, slots--, redirect history.
```
Unknown line: imports (request, url_for, flash), decorators, if checks, commit — har keyword ka reason ready rakho.
7

Demonstrate all project functionalities.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDemo script pehle se practice karo, 5-7 minute, saari roles.
Suggested flow
1) Register/login user 2) Admin login — CRUD 3) Approval/blacklist 4) Booking/apply 5) Search 6) Validation edge (slots 0, duplicate) 7) Logout
Bolte-bolte dikhao: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Code tab kholna jab poochhein.
Crash ho to debug calmly: terminal error, typo, DB path.
Mandatory features skip mat karna — examiner list tick karta hai.
8

Show all core functionalities one by one.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDemo script pehle se practice karo, 5-7 minute, saari roles.
Suggested flow
1) Register/login user 2) Admin login — CRUD 3) Approval/blacklist 4) Booking/apply 5) Search 6) Validation edge (slots 0, duplicate) 7) Logout
Bolte-bolte dikhao: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Code tab kholna jab poochhein.
Crash ho to debug calmly: terminal error, typo, DB path.
Mandatory features skip mat karna — examiner list tick karta hai.
9
Explain the basic project/code structure.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Examiner code pe ungli rakh ke poochta hai — panic mat karo, 4-line formula bolo.
1) Yeh file/line kya role hai (model / route / template / config)?
2) Input kahan se aata hai (form, URL <id>, session, JSON)?
3) DB pe kya query/write?
4) Output kya (render_template / redirect / jsonify)?
Example
```
@app.route('/book/<int:id>', methods=['POST']) — logged-in user session se, trek id URL se, Booking add, slots--, redirect history.
```
Unknown line: imports (request, url_for, flash), decorators, if checks, commit — har keyword ka reason ready rakho.
10

Show the dashboard.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Yeh feature demo hai. Account ready rakho, steps bol ke dikhao.
Role ke hisaab login → action (create/approve/book) → DB/UI pe result → edge case (fail when slots=0 / blacklisted).
Do browser windows: admin + user. Search/filter alag se dikhao.
Agar feature nahi hai to sach bolo aur 2 minute mein kaise add karoge (query + template) explain karo.
11
Explain summary charts (if implemented).

Times asked 1
Official solution

Examiner code pe ungli rakh ke poochta hai — panic mat karo, 4-line formula bolo.
1) Yeh file/line kya role hai (model / route / template / config)?
2) Input kahan se aata hai (form, URL <id>, session, JSON)?
3) DB pe kya query/write?
4) Output kya (render_template / redirect / jsonify)?
Example
```
@app.route('/book/<int:id>', methods=['POST']) — logged-in user session se, trek id URL se, Booking add, slots--, redirect history.
```
Unknown line: imports (request, url_for, flash), decorators, if checks, commit — har keyword ka reason ready rakho.
12

Explain the User table (fields, relationships, lazy loading, cascade, etc.).

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleCascade parent ke saath child pe automatic action (generally delete).
Company delete → uski drives bhi delete, warna orphan rows / FK error.
SQLAlchemy: db.relationship('Drive', cascade='all, delete-orphan', backref='company')
SQL: ForeignKey(..., ondelete='CASCADE')
Cascade sirf delete nahi: save-update, merge, refresh-expire, expunge, delete-orphan.
Cascade Update: parent PK change to child FK update (rare, PK mat badlo).
Parent delete jab children active hon: constraint error, ya cascade se children gayab, ya pehle children handle karo — design choice examiner poochta hai.
CSS cascading alag topic hai (styles inherit/override).
13
Explain another model (e.g., Doctor model) and each column.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Examiner code pe ungli rakh ke poochta hai — panic mat karo, 4-line formula bolo.
1) Yeh file/line kya role hai (model / route / template / config)?
2) Input kahan se aata hai (form, URL <id>, session, JSON)?
3) DB pe kya query/write?
4) Output kya (render_template / redirect / jsonify)?
Example
```
@app.route('/book/<int:id>', methods=['POST']) — logged-in user session se, trek id URL se, Booking add, slots--, redirect history.
```
Unknown line: imports (request, url_for, flash), decorators, if checks, commit — har keyword ka reason ready rakho.
14
Explain models.py.

Times asked 21
Official solution

Simplemodels.py har table ki class hai — columns, PK/FK, relationships. Yeh Model layer hai.
Viva mein file khol ke bolo:
1) Kaunsi classes/tables hain (User, Role-specific, Booking...)
2) Har table ka kaam 1 line
3) Relationships: 1-1 / 1-M / M-M, backref, cascade, lazy
4) Constraints: unique email, nullable, default status
Example skeleton
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True, nullable=False)
    role = db.Column(db.String(20), default='user')
    bookings = db.relationship('Booking', backref='user', cascade='all, delete-orphan')
```
ER diagram: rectangles entities, lines relationships, PK/FK mark. Schema = yahi structure.
Tables create: db.create_all() ya migrations. SQLite file SQL viewer se dikha sakte ho.
15
Explain one line of code from your project.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Examiner code pe ungli rakh ke poochta hai — panic mat karo, 4-line formula bolo.
1) Yeh file/line kya role hai (model / route / template / config)?
2) Input kahan se aata hai (form, URL <id>, session, JSON)?
3) DB pe kya query/write?
4) Output kya (render_template / redirect / jsonify)?
Example
```
@app.route('/book/<int:id>', methods=['POST']) — logged-in user session se, trek id URL se, Booking add, slots--, redirect history.
```
Unknown line: imports (request, url_for, flash), decorators, if checks, commit — har keyword ka reason ready rakho.
16
Explain where you used a for loop in HTML/Jinja.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Examiner code pe ungli rakh ke poochta hai — panic mat karo, 4-line formula bolo.
1) Yeh file/line kya role hai (model / route / template / config)?
2) Input kahan se aata hai (form, URL <id>, session, JSON)?
3) DB pe kya query/write?
4) Output kya (render_template / redirect / jsonify)?
Example
```
@app.route('/book/<int:id>', methods=['POST']) — logged-in user session se, trek id URL se, Booking add, slots--, redirect history.
```
Unknown line: imports (request, url_for, flash), decorators, if checks, commit — har keyword ka reason ready rakho.
17
Create a new parking lot.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh project-specific feature add/modify hai. 4 layers touch karo: model, route, template, validation.
1) Data chahiye to models.py mein column/relationship + DB update (ALTER / migrate / create_all).
2) Route: GET pe form/page, POST pe request.form se save, flash + redirect.
3) Template: input name=... Jinja se {{ obj.field }} display.
4) Rule: duplicate, range, role check backend pe.
Example naya field 'city':
```
user.city = db.Column(db.String(50))
user.city = request.form.get('city')
<input name='city'>  ...  {{ user.city }}
```
18
Update the number of parking spots in a parking lot.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh MAD-1 viva question tumhare project ke context se linked hai. Short answer is structure se do:
Pehle 1 line definition/purpose, phir tumhare project ka example, phir chhota code/flow.
Typical Flask flowBrowser request → @app.route controller → SQLAlchemy model/DB → Jinja template response.
Auth: session['user_id'] + role check. CRUD: add/commit, query.all, field update, delete.
Live change maange to: related model → route → template, phir browser refresh karke dikhao.
Example (generic create):
obj = Model(name=request.form.get('name'))
```
db.session.add(obj); db.session.commit()
return redirect(url_for('list_view'))
```
19

Delete a parking lot.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Yeh feature demo hai. Account ready rakho, steps bol ke dikhao.
Role ke hisaab login → action (create/approve/book) → DB/UI pe result → edge case (fail when slots=0 / blacklisted).
Do browser windows: admin + user. Search/filter alag se dikhao.
Agar feature nahi hai to sach bolo aur 2 minute mein kaise add karoge (query + template) explain karo.
20
Edit a parking lot as Admin.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh MAD-1 viva question tumhare project ke context se linked hai. Short answer is structure se do:
Pehle 1 line definition/purpose, phir tumhare project ka example, phir chhota code/flow.
Typical Flask flowBrowser request → @app.route controller → SQLAlchemy model/DB → Jinja template response.
Auth: session['user_id'] + role check. CRUD: add/commit, query.all, field update, delete.
Live change maange to: related model → route → template, phir browser refresh karke dikhao.
Example (generic create):
obj = Model(name=request.form.get('name'))
```
db.session.add(obj); db.session.commit()
return redirect(url_for('list_view'))
```
21

Check whether duplicate bookings (same vehicle/patient) are prevented.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDuplicate/overbook rokne ke liye DB constraint + route check dono.
Pehle query: Booking.query.filter_by(user_id=uid, trek_id=tid).first()
Agar exists: flash('Already booked'); return
Slots: if trek.available <= 0: reject else trek.available -= 1; commit
Race condition: unique(user_id, trek_id) constraint — do tabs se double click pe bhi ek hi row.
Blacklist: login pe is_blacklisted check.
Active drive limit: if Company ke paas status=open drive hai to naya mat banne do.
22
Modify the password column to String(200) with unique=True.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh MAD-1 viva question tumhare project ke context se linked hai. Short answer is structure se do:
Pehle 1 line definition/purpose, phir tumhare project ka example, phir chhota code/flow.
Typical Flask flowBrowser request → @app.route controller → SQLAlchemy model/DB → Jinja template response.
Auth: session['user_id'] + role check. CRUD: add/commit, query.all, field update, delete.
Live change maange to: related model → route → template, phir browser refresh karke dikhao.
Example (generic create):
obj = Model(name=request.form.get('name'))
```
db.session.add(obj); db.session.commit()
return redirect(url_for('list_view'))
```
23
What is a Primary Key?

Times asked 5
Official solution

SimplePrimary Key har row ko uniquely identify karti hai. Unique Key bhi unique hoti hai lekin table ki main ID nahi.
```
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)  # auto increment
email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True)
```
PK: NOT NULL, ek (ya composite). Index automatically.
Record fetch: User.query.get(id) PK se tez.
FK hamesha unique nahi — Many side pe repeat hoti hai. Unique FK = One-to-One.
24
What is @app.route?

Times asked 2
Official solution

Simple@app.route URL ko Python function se jodta hai. @ wala cheez decorator hai.
```
@app.route('/hello/<name>', methods=['GET'])
def hello(name):
    return f'Hello {name}'
```
Decorator function ko wrap karke extra behaviour deta hai (route register, login_required).
Endpoint generally function name. Path /hello/Ram.
<int:id> type converter — sirf integer. Bina converter string. ID chahiye to int safer.
methods=['POST'] only POST. Default GET.
functools.wraps custom decorator mein original function name/docs preserve karta hai.
25

What is CRUD?

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleCRUD = Create, Read, Update, Delete — kisi bhi resource ke 4 basic operations.
Create: POST, db.session.add(new_user); commit() — register, add trek.
Read: GET, User.query.all() — dashboard list.
Update: POST/PUT, user.name = 'Ram'; commit() — edit profile.
DeletePOST/DELETE, db.session.delete(obj); commit().
REST mapping: POST create, GET read, PUT/PATCH update, DELETE delete.
Admin panel mein yeh 4 dikhana viva demo ka common task hai.
26
Authentication vs Authorization.

Times asked 10
Official solution

SimpleAuthentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password check karke prove karte ho ki tum genuine user ho. Success pe session/token milta hai.
Authorization: uske baad role check. Admin hi parking lot delete kar sakta hai, normal user nahi.
Example (Flask):
# Authentication
```
if user and check_password_hash(user.password, form_password):
    session['user_id'] = user.id

# Authorization
if session.get('role') != 'admin':
    abort(403)  # logged in ho, lekin allowed nahi
```
Project example: student login = authentication. Student admin dashboard nahi khol sakta = authorization.
Validation alag cheez hai (form sahi bhara hai ya nahi, jaise age 18+).
27

What is Cascade in databases?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleCascade parent ke saath child pe automatic action (generally delete).
Company delete → uski drives bhi delete, warna orphan rows / FK error.
SQLAlchemy: db.relationship('Drive', cascade='all, delete-orphan', backref='company')
SQL: ForeignKey(..., ondelete='CASCADE')
Cascade sirf delete nahi: save-update, merge, refresh-expire, expunge, delete-orphan.
Cascade Update: parent PK change to child FK update (rare, PK mat badlo).
Parent delete jab children active hon: constraint error, ya cascade se children gayab, ya pehle children handle karo — design choice examiner poochta hai.
CSS cascading alag topic hai (styles inherit/override).
28
What is Lazy Loading (lazy=True, lazy='dynamic')?

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simplelazy loading related objects tab load karta hai jab attribute access karte ho, pehle nahi.
```
user = User.query.get(1)  # posts query nahi
```
user.posts # ab query
lazy=True / 'select' default. lazy='joined' eager join. lazy='dynamic' query object.
uselist=False One-to-One (single object, list nahi). Hataoge to list mil sakti hai.
Frontend lazy loading images alag cheez hai (viewport mein aaye tab load).
29
What is backref?

Times asked 12
Official solution

Simplebackref relationship ki reverse side automatically bana deta hai.
```
class Post(db.Model):
    user_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('user.id'))
    user = db.relationship('User', backref='posts')
```
Ab post.user milta hai, aur user.posts bhi — Post model pe sirf ek line.
secondary Many-to-Many junction table ke liye: relationship(..., secondary=likes_table, backref='liked_by').
Explicit chahiye to back_populates use karo.
30
What is back_populates?

Times asked 3
Official solution

Simpleback_populates dono models pe relationship explicitly link karta hai.
```
class User(db.Model):
    posts = db.relationship('Post', back_populates='author')
class Post(db.Model):
    author = db.relationship('User', back_populates='posts')
```
Naam match hona chahiye. Readability better, circular confusion kam. backref ka alternative yahi hai.
31
What is Template Inheritance?

Times asked 10
Official solution

Simpleextends poora layout inherit karta hai, include chhota piece insert karta hai.
extends: child page base.html ka structure use karti hai, blocks override karti hai. Ek hi parent.
include: navbar.html / footer.html jahan chaho insert. Kai baar use ho sakta hai.
base.html:
```
{% block content %}{% endblock %}

home.html:
{% extends 'base.html' %}
{% block content %}<h1>Home</h1>{% endblock %}

{% include 'navbar.html' %}  → navbar har page pe
```
Fayda: header/footer ek jagah, change once — saari pages update. MAD1 mein almost har project use karta hai.
32

What is MVC Architecture? (especially explain the Controller).

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleMVC = Model-View-Controller. Code ko 3 hisson mein baant ta hai taaki mix na ho.
Model: data + DB. models.py — User, Trek, Booking classes.
View: jo user dekhta hai. templates/*.html + Jinja.
Controller: beech ka logic. routes / app.py — request lo, model se data, view ko do.
Example flow (register):
Browser form POST → Controller register() → User model save → redirect → View dashboard.html
Draw: Browser → Controller → Model → DB, phir Controller → View → Browser.
ORM na ho to bhi MVC ho sakta hai — Model raw SQL functions ho sakte hain. Structure matter karta hai, library nahi.
MVP/MVVM doosri architectures hain; MAD1 mein MVC expected hai.
33
What is Jinja?

Times asked 4
Official solution

SimpleJinja2 Flask ka template engine hai. HTML ke andar Python-jaisa data print/loop/if kar sakte ho.
Bina Jinja har user ke liye alag HTML file. Jinja se ek template + data.
```
{{ user.name }} print, {% for x in items %} loop, {% if %} condition, {% extends %} layout.
```
Example routereturn render_template('dash.html', treks=treks)
dash.html: {% for t in treks %}<li>{{ t.name }}</li>{% endfor %}
HTML files templates/ folder mein isliye kyunki Flask default wahan dhundhta hai. render_template Jinja ko run karta hai.
Boolean Jinja handle karta hai: {% if user.is_admin %}.
34

What are HTTP Request Methods?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleHTTP methods batate hain request kya karna chahti hai. Common: GET POST PUT PATCH DELETE.
GETread/fetch. Safe, URL se. Page kholna, search.
POSTcreate/submit. Form, login.
PUTpoora replace/update. Idempotent.
PATCHpartial update.
DELETEhataana.
HEAD: sirf headers. OPTIONS: CORS preflight.
Flask: @app.route('/x', methods=['GET','POST'])
Agar methods na likho to default sirf GET.
HTML form native sirf GET/POST. PUT/DELETE JS/fetch ya hidden _method se.
GET se data fetch ho sakta hai, create nahi karna chahiye. POST se theoretically fetch ho sakta hai lekin cache/semantics galat.
DELETE fetch ke liye nahi. GET POST ka kaam officially nahi karta — side effects GET pe mat rakho.
35
Difference between PUT and POST.

Times asked 6
Official solution

SimplePOST nayi cheez create karta hai, PUT existing cheez ko replace/update karta hai.
POST /books → naya book add. Har baar naya ID banega. Idempotent nahi — 2 baar POST = 2 records.
PUT /books/5 → id=5 wale book ko poora update. Same PUT dubara bhejo to same result (idempotent).
PUT se create bhi ho sakta hai (agar ID client decide kare), lekin REST convention: create = POST, replace = PUT, partial = PATCH.
Example
```
@app.route('/user', methods=['POST'])          # register naya user
@app.route('/user/<int:id>', methods=['PUT'])  # poora profile replace
```
HTML <form> PUT nahi bhejta, isliye Flask apps mein edit pe bhi POST use hota hai. Examiner ko yeh reason clearly bolo.
36
What is the @ symbol? (mentioned in context of decorators/routes).

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simple@app.route URL ko Python function se jodta hai. @ wala cheez decorator hai.
```
@app.route('/hello/<name>', methods=['GET'])
def hello(name):
    return f'Hello {name}'
```
Decorator function ko wrap karke extra behaviour deta hai (route register, login_required).
Endpoint generally function name. Path /hello/Ram.
<int:id> type converter — sirf integer. Bina converter string. ID chahiye to int safer.
methods=['POST'] only POST. Default GET.
functools.wraps custom decorator mein original function name/docs preserve karta hai.
37
Write a Jinja for loop.

Times asked 9
Official solution

Simple Jinja loop + if — examiner notepad mein likhwaata hai:
```
{% for t in treks %}
  <p>{{ t.name }} — {{ t.location }}</p>
{% else %}
  <p>No treks</p>
{% endfor %}

{% if user.role == 'admin' %}
  <button>Delete</button>
{% endif %}
```
List filter: {% if x > 10 %}{{ x }}{% endif %}
Length: {{ items|length }} Upper: {{ name|upper }}
Table: loop ke andar <tr><td>
38
Write a Jinja if condition.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simple Jinja loop + if — examiner notepad mein likhwaata hai:
```
{% for t in treks %}
  <p>{{ t.name }} — {{ t.location }}</p>
{% else %}
  <p>No treks</p>
{% endfor %}

{% if user.role == 'admin' %}
  <button>Delete</button>
{% endif %}
```
List filter: {% if x > 10 %}{{ x }}{% endif %}
Length: {{ items|length }} Upper: {{ name|upper }}
Table: loop ke andar <tr><td>
39
Create an HTML button visible only to Admin using Jinja if.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh live UI/CSS change hai. Examiner jo element bole uski CSS turant badlo.
Bootstrap class badlo (btn-primary → btn-success, bg-dark → bg-warning) ya inline style='color:red; background:#eee'.
Center: d-flex justify-content-center text-center. Navbar neeche: navbar fixed-bottom.
Example
```
<button class='btn btn-success' style='background:#16a34a'>Book</button>
```
Pehle browser inspect karke class dhundo, phir template mein change karke refresh.
40
Write a simple route that returns "Hello World".

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simple Hello World — notepad mein yeh likh ke run karke dikhao:
```
from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/')
def home():
    return 'Hello World'
if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(debug=True)

Jinja version: return render_template('hello.html', name='Shubham')
```
hello.html: <h1>Hello {{ name }}</h1>
POST-only: @app.route('/x', methods=['POST'])
41
Write a route that renders an HTML page and accepts user_id as a parameter.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Patternfilter query → template/JSON. Examiner jo entity bole us class ka naam use karo.
```
@app.route('/admin/blacklisted')
def blacklisted():
    rows = User.query.filter_by(is_blacklisted=True).all()
    return render_template('list.html', rows=rows)

JSON: return jsonify([{'id': r.id, 'name': r.name} for r in rows])
ID se: User.query.get_or_404(id)
Do filters: .filter(Drive.approved==False, Drive.title=='Data Scientist')
```
Join example: students jinhone blacklisted company ke drive pe apply kiya — join Application-Drive-Company.
PUT@app.route('/x/<int:id>', methods=['PUT']) + request.get_json()
url param display: @app.route('/show/<int:id>') return render_template('show.html', id=id)
Form → next page: POST values render_template('out.html', **request.form)
Count: return str(User.query.filter_by(is_blacklisted=True).count())
42
Write an @app.route that accepts only the POST method.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simple@app.route URL ko Python function se jodta hai. @ wala cheez decorator hai.
```
@app.route('/hello/<name>', methods=['GET'])
def hello(name):
    return f'Hello {name}'
```
Decorator function ko wrap karke extra behaviour deta hai (route register, login_required).
Endpoint generally function name. Path /hello/Ram.
<int:id> type converter — sirf integer. Bina converter string. ID chahiye to int safer.
methods=['POST'] only POST. Default GET.
functools.wraps custom decorator mein original function name/docs preserve karta hai.
43
Write a route that accepts the PUT method.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Patternfilter query → template/JSON. Examiner jo entity bole us class ka naam use karo.
```
@app.route('/admin/blacklisted')
def blacklisted():
    rows = User.query.filter_by(is_blacklisted=True).all()
    return render_template('list.html', rows=rows)

JSON: return jsonify([{'id': r.id, 'name': r.name} for r in rows])
ID se: User.query.get_or_404(id)
Do filters: .filter(Drive.approved==False, Drive.title=='Data Scientist')
```
Join example: students jinhone blacklisted company ke drive pe apply kiya — join Application-Drive-Company.
PUT@app.route('/x/<int:id>', methods=['PUT']) + request.get_json()
url param display: @app.route('/show/<int:id>') return render_template('show.html', id=id)
Form → next page: POST values render_template('out.html', **request.form)
Count: return str(User.query.filter_by(is_blacklisted=True).count())
44
Write a SQL query to fetch the user with username "admin".

Times asked 1
Official solution

Patternfilter query → template/JSON. Examiner jo entity bole us class ka naam use karo.
```
@app.route('/admin/blacklisted')
def blacklisted():
    rows = User.query.filter_by(is_blacklisted=True).all()
    return render_template('list.html', rows=rows)

JSON: return jsonify([{'id': r.id, 'name': r.name} for r in rows])
ID se: User.query.get_or_404(id)
Do filters: .filter(Drive.approved==False, Drive.title=='Data Scientist')
```
Join example: students jinhone blacklisted company ke drive pe apply kiya — join Application-Drive-Company.
PUT@app.route('/x/<int:id>', methods=['PUT']) + request.get_json()
url param display: @app.route('/show/<int:id>') return render_template('show.html', id=id)
Form → next page: POST values render_template('out.html', **request.form)
Count: return str(User.query.filter_by(is_blacklisted=True).count())
45

Have you declared AI usage in your documentation?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleSach bolo. AI se boilerplate/docs theek, logic samajh ke explain karo.
'Boilerplate aur CSS ke liye AI use kiya, models/routes khud design kiye. Report mein X% mention hai.'
Line-by-line nahi explain kar paoge to examiner pakad lega. Documentation: official Flask/SQLAlchemy + course lectures.
46

Gave suggestions/tips for Level 2 after the demo.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Yeh feature demo hai. Account ready rakho, steps bol ke dikhao.
Role ke hisaab login → action (create/approve/book) → DB/UI pe result → edge case (fail when slots=0 / blacklisted).
Do browser windows: admin + user. Search/filter alag se dikhao.
Agar feature nahi hai to sach bolo aur 2 minute mein kaise add karoge (query + template) explain karo.
47

Show where you have used charts/summary visualizations.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Yeh feature demo hai. Account ready rakho, steps bol ke dikhao.
Role ke hisaab login → action (create/approve/book) → DB/UI pe result → edge case (fail when slots=0 / blacklisted).
Do browser windows: admin + user. Search/filter alag se dikhao.
Agar feature nahi hai to sach bolo aur 2 minute mein kaise add karoge (query + template) explain karo.

See reviews Level2_86 MAD1 Level 1

Jul 30, 2026

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1

Demonstrate the complete application.

Times asked 33

Official solution

SimpleDemo script pehle se practice karo, 5-7 minute, saari roles.
Suggested flow
1) Register/login user 2) Admin login — CRUD 3) Approval/blacklist 4) Booking/apply 5) Search 6) Validation edge (slots 0, duplicate) 7) Logout
Bolte-bolte dikhao: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Code tab kholna jab poochhein.
Crash ho to debug calmly: terminal error, typo, DB path.
Mandatory features skip mat karna — examiner list tick karta hai.
2
Explain the Library Management project.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Examiner code pe ungli rakh ke poochta hai — panic mat karo, 4-line formula bolo.
1) Yeh file/line kya role hai (model / route / template / config)?
2) Input kahan se aata hai (form, URL <id>, session, JSON)?
3) DB pe kya query/write?
4) Output kya (render_template / redirect / jsonify)?
Example
```
@app.route('/book/<int:id>', methods=['POST']) — logged-in user session se, trek id URL se, Booking add, slots--, redirect history.
```
Unknown line: imports (request, url_for, flash), decorators, if checks, commit — har keyword ka reason ready rakho.
3

Explain the backend routes.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleRoutes/controllers URLs handle karte hain. app.py app banata hai, models.py data, templates/ views, static/ CSS-JS.
Typical structure:
app.py / __init__.py → Flask app, db.init, register blueprints
models.py → tables
routes.py / views → @app.route functions
templates/ → Jinja HTML
static/ → css, images
instance/*.db → SQLite
Ek route explain karne ka template:
1) URL + methods 2) Auth/role check 3) Form/query se data 4) Business rule (duplicate, slots) 5) db.session 6) render ya redirect
Example GET+POST same route: GET form, POST save.
Data HTML se: form name= → request.form. Data HTML ko: render_template(..., items=query).
Nayi .py file: import karke use karo, warna Flask ko pata nahi. Folder rename: imports/paths/templates check.
4

Show backend jobs.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleCelery background tasks (email, CSV, reports) async chalaata hai. Redis broker/queue + cache.
User 'Export' click → Celery task queue → Redis message → worker CSV banaata hai → user baad mein download.
Saath isliye: Celery ko broker chahiye, Redis tez in-memory. MAD2 topic zyada, MAD1 mein optional.
Priority: task queues/routing. Caching: Redis mein key-value, DB hits kam.
Pub/Sub: publisher channel pe message, subscribers sunte hain — Redis yeh bhi karta hai.
5
Show all models and explain them.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simplemodels.py har table ki class hai — columns, PK/FK, relationships. Yeh Model layer hai.
Viva mein file khol ke bolo:
1) Kaunsi classes/tables hain (User, Role-specific, Booking...)
2) Har table ka kaam 1 line
3) Relationships: 1-1 / 1-M / M-M, backref, cascade, lazy
4) Constraints: unique email, nullable, default status
Example skeleton
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True, nullable=False)
    role = db.Column(db.String(20), default='user')
    bookings = db.relationship('Booking', backref='user', cascade='all, delete-orphan')
```
ER diagram: rectangles entities, lines relationships, PK/FK mark. Schema = yahi structure.
Tables create: db.create_all() ya migrations. SQLite file SQL viewer se dikha sakte ho.
6
Why are you using fs_uniquifier?

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleUserMixin Flask-Login ko batata hai user object kaise treat karna hai (is_authenticated, get_id).
```
class User(db.Model, UserMixin):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
```
current_user proxy logged-in user. Initialize: login_user(user) / user_loader callback.
Flask-WTF: Python classes se forms, CSRF, validators. RegisterForm forms.py mein.
fs_uniquifier Flask-Security mein token/session identity — email change pe sessions invalidate.
enctype='multipart/form-data' file upload pe zaroori. request.files.get('resume').
7

How is RBAC (Role-Based Access Control) implemented?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleRBAC = Role-Based Access Control — permission role se (admin/staff/user), har user pe alag nahi.
user.role = 'admin'
if current_user.role != 'admin': abort(403)
Same login page, role ke hisaab dashboard. Multiple roles: roles table Many-to-Many, ya comma field (behtar normalized table).
Unapproved staff: is_approved flag, login pe check.
Flask-Security/UserMixin is_authenticated, is_active, get_id dete hain.
8

Why do we use Vue.js?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleVue.js frontend framework — reactive UI components. MAD2 mein common, MAD1 optional.
Component: reusable UI (Navbar.vue) + data + template.
Props: parent → child data. Child → parent: $emit('update', val).
Slots: parent child ke andar extra HTML daal sakta hai.
Lifecycle: created (data setup), mounted (DOM ready — API call), updated, unmounted.
v-model two-way bind. Vue Router SPA routes (routes.js). Vuex/Pinia global state; mutations sync change, actions async.
Standalone component: khud ke saath compile, parent register kam.
9

Explain Vue Components.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleVue.js frontend framework — reactive UI components. MAD2 mein common, MAD1 optional.
Component: reusable UI (Navbar.vue) + data + template.
Props: parent → child data. Child → parent: $emit('update', val).
Slots: parent child ke andar extra HTML daal sakta hai.
Lifecycle: created (data setup), mounted (DOM ready — API call), updated, unmounted.
v-model two-way bind. Vue Router SPA routes (routes.js). Vuex/Pinia global state; mutations sync change, actions async.
Standalone component: khud ke saath compile, parent register kam.
10

What are Props in Vue?

Times asked 5

Official solution

SimpleVue.js frontend framework — reactive UI components. MAD2 mein common, MAD1 optional.
Component: reusable UI (Navbar.vue) + data + template.
Props: parent → child data. Child → parent: $emit('update', val).
Slots: parent child ke andar extra HTML daal sakta hai.
Lifecycle: created (data setup), mounted (DOM ready — API call), updated, unmounted.
v-model two-way bind. Vue Router SPA routes (routes.js). Vuex/Pinia global state; mutations sync change, actions async.
Standalone component: khud ke saath compile, parent register kam.
11

Explain the different Vue Lifecycle Hooks.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleVue.js frontend framework — reactive UI components. MAD2 mein common, MAD1 optional.
Component: reusable UI (Navbar.vue) + data + template.
Props: parent → child data. Child → parent: $emit('update', val).
Slots: parent child ke andar extra HTML daal sakta hai.
Lifecycle: created (data setup), mounted (DOM ready — API call), updated, unmounted.
v-model two-way bind. Vue Router SPA routes (routes.js). Vuex/Pinia global state; mutations sync change, actions async.
Standalone component: khud ke saath compile, parent register kam.
12
What is an API?

Times asked 8
Official solution

SimpleAPI = Application Programming Interface — do systems predefined rules se baat karti hain. REST API HTTP + JSON use karti hai.
Controller/route HTML bhi return kar sakta hai. REST API generally JSON return karti hai, frontend alag ho (Vue/Postman).
Example
```
@app.route('/api/users/<int:id>')
def get_user(id):
    u = User.query.get_or_404(id)
    return jsonify(id=u.id, name=u.name)
```
MAD1 HTML apps mein 'API' kabhi-kabhi routes ko hi keh dete hain. Agar Vue nahi to bolo: server-rendered Flask, JSON APIs optional.
Boolean return: technically jsonify(True) ho sakta hai, lekin meaningful JSON object better. Flask view None return kare to error.
Test: Postman se GET/POST.
Parsing: request.get_json() body se, request.args query se.
13

What are the advantages of Relational Databases?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Definition style question: 1 line simple Hinglish + project example + mini code.
Template'X ka kaam Y hai. Mere project mein Z jagah use hua.'
Example'Session login state rakhta hai. session[user_id]=u.id login pe, logout pe session.clear().'
Agar topic Vue/Celery/Redis ho aur project mein nahi hai to sach bolo, theory example do.
14

What is Redis?

Times asked 21

Official solution

SimpleCelery background tasks (email, CSV, reports) async chalaata hai. Redis broker/queue + cache.
User 'Export' click → Celery task queue → Redis message → worker CSV banaata hai → user baad mein download.
Saath isliye: Celery ko broker chahiye, Redis tez in-memory. MAD2 topic zyada, MAD1 mein optional.
Priority: task queues/routing. Caching: Redis mein key-value, DB hits kam.
Pub/Sub: publisher channel pe message, subscribers sunte hain — Redis yeh bhi karta hai.
15

How did you implement Redis?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleCelery background tasks (email, CSV, reports) async chalaata hai. Redis broker/queue + cache.
User 'Export' click → Celery task queue → Redis message → worker CSV banaata hai → user baad mein download.
Saath isliye: Celery ko broker chahiye, Redis tez in-memory. MAD2 topic zyada, MAD1 mein optional.
Priority: task queues/routing. Caching: Redis mein key-value, DB hits kam.
Pub/Sub: publisher channel pe message, subscribers sunte hain — Redis yeh bhi karta hai.
16

What is Celery?

Times asked 19

Official solution

SimpleCelery background tasks (email, CSV, reports) async chalaata hai. Redis broker/queue + cache.
User 'Export' click → Celery task queue → Redis message → worker CSV banaata hai → user baad mein download.
Saath isliye: Celery ko broker chahiye, Redis tez in-memory. MAD2 topic zyada, MAD1 mein optional.
Priority: task queues/routing. Caching: Redis mein key-value, DB hits kam.
Pub/Sub: publisher channel pe message, subscribers sunte hain — Redis yeh bhi karta hai.
17

How did you implement Celery?

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleCelery background tasks (email, CSV, reports) async chalaata hai. Redis broker/queue + cache.
User 'Export' click → Celery task queue → Redis message → worker CSV banaata hai → user baad mein download.
Saath isliye: Celery ko broker chahiye, Redis tez in-memory. MAD2 topic zyada, MAD1 mein optional.
Priority: task queues/routing. Caching: Redis mein key-value, DB hits kam.
Pub/Sub: publisher channel pe message, subscribers sunte hain — Redis yeh bhi karta hai.
18

What is Caching?

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleCache baar-baar DB/compute na karne ke liye result yaad rakhta hai.
Browser cache, Flask cache, Redis. Example: dashboard counts 30 sec Redis mein.
Cookies alag (client data). HTTP 304 Not Modified bhi cache related.
MAD1 mein optional. Scale poochhe to pehle indexes + cache, phir extra servers.
19

How is Caching implemented in your project?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleCache baar-baar DB/compute na karne ke liye result yaad rakhta hai.
Browser cache, Flask cache, Redis. Example: dashboard counts 30 sec Redis mein.
Cookies alag (client data). HTTP 304 Not Modified bhi cache related.
MAD1 mein optional. Scale poochhe to pehle indexes + cache, phir extra servers.
20

Show the Job Scheduling Report.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleCelery background tasks (email, CSV, reports) async chalaata hai. Redis broker/queue + cache.
User 'Export' click → Celery task queue → Redis message → worker CSV banaata hai → user baad mein download.
Saath isliye: Celery ko broker chahiye, Redis tez in-memory. MAD2 topic zyada, MAD1 mein optional.
Priority: task queues/routing. Caching: Redis mein key-value, DB hits kam.
Pub/Sub: publisher channel pe message, subscribers sunte hain — Redis yeh bhi karta hai.

See reviews Level3_12 MAD1 Level 1

Jul 30, 2026

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1

Introduce yourself.

Times asked 7

Official solution

Simple20-30 second intro, phir ID nikaal ke rakhna.
Example'Namaste, main <Name> hoon, IITM BS degree, MAD-1 project <ProjectName> — Flask, SQLAlchemy, Jinja. Roles: Admin, Staff, User. CRUD, auth, search implement kiye.'
Interest poochhe to ek genuine cheez (ML, web, cricket) + 1 line. Fake buzzwords mat maaro.
End mein feedback maangna theek hai: 'Koi improvement suggest karenge?'
2

Small introduction

Times asked 2

Official solution

Simple20-30 second intro, phir ID nikaal ke rakhna.
Example'Namaste, main <Name> hoon, IITM BS degree, MAD-1 project <ProjectName> — Flask, SQLAlchemy, Jinja. Roles: Admin, Staff, User. CRUD, auth, search implement kiye.'
Interest poochhe to ek genuine cheez (ML, web, cricket) + 1 line. Fake buzzwords mat maaro.
End mein feedback maangna theek hai: 'Koi improvement suggest karenge?'
3

Demonstration of project

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDemo script pehle se practice karo, 5-7 minute, saari roles.
Suggested flow
1) Register/login user 2) Admin login — CRUD 3) Approval/blacklist 4) Booking/apply 5) Search 6) Validation edge (slots 0, duplicate) 7) Logout
Bolte-bolte dikhao: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Code tab kholna jab poochhein.
Crash ho to debug calmly: terminal error, typo, DB path.
Mandatory features skip mat karna — examiner list tick karta hai.
4

Project demo

Times asked 7

Official solution

SimpleDemo script pehle se practice karo, 5-7 minute, saari roles.
Suggested flow
1) Register/login user 2) Admin login — CRUD 3) Approval/blacklist 4) Booking/apply 5) Search 6) Validation edge (slots 0, duplicate) 7) Logout
Bolte-bolte dikhao: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Code tab kholna jab poochhein.
Crash ho to debug calmly: terminal error, typo, DB path.
Mandatory features skip mat karna — examiner list tick karta hai.
5

What is git?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleVCS history track karta hai, Git ek distributed VCS hai.
VCS: kaun kab kya change kiya, rollback, branches. Example: Git, SVN.
Git distributed: har developer ke paas poori copy (commits) hoti hai. Central GitHub sirf remote hosting hai, lekin Git ka model distributed hai.
SVN centralized: bina server ke history nahi.
Commands: git status (kya dirty hai), git branch / git checkout -b feature (nayi branch), git rm --cached file (track band, file rahe).
Fayda: collaboration, backup, experiment branches, viva GitHub collaborator check.
Git ke bina bhi files rakh sakte ho, lekin history/merge nahi.
6

What is Git n its uses

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleVCS history track karta hai, Git ek distributed VCS hai.
VCS: kaun kab kya change kiya, rollback, branches. Example: Git, SVN.
Git distributed: har developer ke paas poori copy (commits) hoti hai. Central GitHub sirf remote hosting hai, lekin Git ka model distributed hai.
SVN centralized: bina server ke history nahi.
Commands: git status (kya dirty hai), git branch / git checkout -b feature (nayi branch), git rm --cached file (track band, file rahe).
Fayda: collaboration, backup, experiment branches, viva GitHub collaborator check.
Git ke bina bhi files rakh sakte ho, lekin history/merge nahi.
7

Explain Git and VCS

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleVCS history track karta hai, Git ek distributed VCS hai.
VCS: kaun kab kya change kiya, rollback, branches. Example: Git, SVN.
Git distributed: har developer ke paas poori copy (commits) hoti hai. Central GitHub sirf remote hosting hai, lekin Git ka model distributed hai.
SVN centralized: bina server ke history nahi.
Commands: git status (kya dirty hai), git branch / git checkout -b feature (nayi branch), git rm --cached file (track band, file rahe).
Fayda: collaboration, backup, experiment branches, viva GitHub collaborator check.
Git ke bina bhi files rakh sakte ho, lekin history/merge nahi.
8
Explain your code.

Times asked 2
Official solution

Examiner code pe ungli rakh ke poochta hai — panic mat karo, 4-line formula bolo.
1) Yeh file/line kya role hai (model / route / template / config)?
2) Input kahan se aata hai (form, URL <id>, session, JSON)?
3) DB pe kya query/write?
4) Output kya (render_template / redirect / jsonify)?
Example
```
@app.route('/book/<int:id>', methods=['POST']) — logged-in user session se, trek id URL se, Booking add, slots--, redirect history.
```
Unknown line: imports (request, url_for, flash), decorators, if checks, commit — har keyword ka reason ready rakho.
9

Explain one of the controllers route

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleRoutes/controllers URLs handle karte hain. app.py app banata hai, models.py data, templates/ views, static/ CSS-JS.
Typical structure:
app.py / __init__.py → Flask app, db.init, register blueprints
models.py → tables
routes.py / views → @app.route functions
templates/ → Jinja HTML
static/ → css, images
instance/*.db → SQLite
Ek route explain karne ka template:
1) URL + methods 2) Auth/role check 3) Form/query se data 4) Business rule (duplicate, slots) 5) db.session 6) render ya redirect
Example GET+POST same route: GET form, POST save.
Data HTML se: form name= → request.form. Data HTML ko: render_template(..., items=query).
Nayi .py file: import karke use karo, warna Flask ko pata nahi. Folder rename: imports/paths/templates check.
10

Explain specific routes and the logic used in them

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleRoutes/controllers URLs handle karte hain. app.py app banata hai, models.py data, templates/ views, static/ CSS-JS.
Typical structure:
app.py / __init__.py → Flask app, db.init, register blueprints
models.py → tables
routes.py / views → @app.route functions
templates/ → Jinja HTML
static/ → css, images
instance/*.db → SQLite
Ek route explain karne ka template:
1) URL + methods 2) Auth/role check 3) Form/query se data 4) Business rule (duplicate, slots) 5) db.session 6) render ya redirect
Example GET+POST same route: GET form, POST save.
Data HTML se: form name= → request.form. Data HTML ko: render_template(..., items=query).
Nayi .py file: import karke use karo, warna Flask ko pata nahi. Folder rename: imports/paths/templates check.
11

Explain how the route is being accessed.

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleRoutes/controllers URLs handle karte hain. app.py app banata hai, models.py data, templates/ views, static/ CSS-JS.
Typical structure:
app.py / __init__.py → Flask app, db.init, register blueprints
models.py → tables
routes.py / views → @app.route functions
templates/ → Jinja HTML
static/ → css, images
instance/*.db → SQLite
Ek route explain karne ka template:
1) URL + methods 2) Auth/role check 3) Form/query se data 4) Business rule (duplicate, slots) 5) db.session 6) render ya redirect
Example GET+POST same route: GET form, POST save.
Data HTML se: form name= → request.form. Data HTML ko: render_template(..., items=query).
Nayi .py file: import karke use karo, warna Flask ko pata nahi. Folder rename: imports/paths/templates check.
12

Explain how the routes get data from the htmls

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleRoutes/controllers URLs handle karte hain. app.py app banata hai, models.py data, templates/ views, static/ CSS-JS.
Typical structure:
app.py / __init__.py → Flask app, db.init, register blueprints
models.py → tables
routes.py / views → @app.route functions
templates/ → Jinja HTML
static/ → css, images
instance/*.db → SQLite
Ek route explain karne ka template:
1) URL + methods 2) Auth/role check 3) Form/query se data 4) Business rule (duplicate, slots) 5) db.session 6) render ya redirect
Example GET+POST same route: GET form, POST save.
Data HTML se: form name= → request.form. Data HTML ko: render_template(..., items=query).
Nayi .py file: import karke use karo, warna Flask ko pata nahi. Folder rename: imports/paths/templates check.
13

What happens when you click submit button- explain using your code file

Times asked 2

Official solution

Simple flow: Browser → Route (controller) → Model/DB → phir template (view) → Browser.
Submit example:
1) HTML form POST /register, name='email'
2) register() request.form.get('email')
3) User(email=...) ; db.session.add; commit
4) redirect dashboard
5) dashboard query + render_template
6) Jinja {{ user.email }} / {% for %}
GET search: /search?q=flask → request.args.get('q') → filter ilike → template list.
JSON API: jsonify, frontend fetch().
14

Show MVC in code.

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleMVC = Model-View-Controller. Code ko 3 hisson mein baant ta hai taaki mix na ho.
Model: data + DB. models.py — User, Trek, Booking classes.
View: jo user dekhta hai. templates/*.html + Jinja.
Controller: beech ka logic. routes / app.py — request lo, model se data, view ko do.
Example flow (register):
Browser form POST → Controller register() → User model save → redirect → View dashboard.html
Draw: Browser → Controller → Model → DB, phir Controller → View → Browser.
ORM na ho to bhi MVC ho sakta hai — Model raw SQL functions ho sakte hain. Structure matter karta hai, library nahi.
MVP/MVVM doosri architectures hain; MAD1 mein MVC expected hai.
15

Show MVC in your project and explain.

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleMVC = Model-View-Controller. Code ko 3 hisson mein baant ta hai taaki mix na ho.
Model: data + DB. models.py — User, Trek, Booking classes.
View: jo user dekhta hai. templates/*.html + Jinja.
Controller: beech ka logic. routes / app.py — request lo, model se data, view ko do.
Example flow (register):
Browser form POST → Controller register() → User model save → redirect → View dashboard.html
Draw: Browser → Controller → Model → DB, phir Controller → View → Browser.
ORM na ho to bhi MVC ho sakta hai — Model raw SQL functions ho sakte hain. Structure matter karta hai, library nahi.
MVP/MVVM doosri architectures hain; MAD1 mein MVC expected hai.
16

What is mvc, show which part of your code comes under model, and which one comes under controller and view.

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleMVC = Model-View-Controller. Code ko 3 hisson mein baant ta hai taaki mix na ho.
Model: data + DB. models.py — User, Trek, Booking classes.
View: jo user dekhta hai. templates/*.html + Jinja.
Controller: beech ka logic. routes / app.py — request lo, model se data, view ko do.
Example flow (register):
Browser form POST → Controller register() → User model save → redirect → View dashboard.html
Draw: Browser → Controller → Model → DB, phir Controller → View → Browser.
ORM na ho to bhi MVC ho sakta hai — Model raw SQL functions ho sakte hain. Structure matter karta hai, library nahi.
MVP/MVVM doosri architectures hain; MAD1 mein MVC expected hai.
SimpleRoutes/controllers URLs handle karte hain. app.py app banata hai, models.py data, templates/ views, static/ CSS-JS.
Typical structure:
app.py / __init__.py → Flask app, db.init, register blueprints
models.py → tables
routes.py / views → @app.route functions
templates/ → Jinja HTML
static/ → css, images
instance/*.db → SQLite
Ek route explain karne ka template:
1) URL + methods 2) Auth/role check 3) Form/query se data 4) Business rule (duplicate, slots) 5) db.session 6) render ya redirect
Example GET+POST same route: GET form, POST save.
Data HTML se: form name= → request.form. Data HTML ko: render_template(..., items=query).
Nayi .py file: import karke use karo, warna Flask ko pata nahi. Folder rename: imports/paths/templates check.
17
Explain all the Models in code

Times asked 2
Official solution

Simplemodels.py har table ki class hai — columns, PK/FK, relationships. Yeh Model layer hai.
Viva mein file khol ke bolo:
1) Kaunsi classes/tables hain (User, Role-specific, Booking...)
2) Har table ka kaam 1 line
3) Relationships: 1-1 / 1-M / M-M, backref, cascade, lazy
4) Constraints: unique email, nullable, default status
Example skeleton
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True, nullable=False)
    role = db.Column(db.String(20), default='user')
    bookings = db.relationship('Booking', backref='user', cascade='all, delete-orphan')
```
ER diagram: rectangles entities, lines relationships, PK/FK mark. Schema = yahi structure.
Tables create: db.create_all() ya migrations. SQLite file SQL viewer se dikha sakte ho.
18
Explain all the Models in detail

Times asked 2
Official solution

Simplemodels.py har table ki class hai — columns, PK/FK, relationships. Yeh Model layer hai.
Viva mein file khol ke bolo:
1) Kaunsi classes/tables hain (User, Role-specific, Booking...)
2) Har table ka kaam 1 line
3) Relationships: 1-1 / 1-M / M-M, backref, cascade, lazy
4) Constraints: unique email, nullable, default status
Example skeleton
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True, nullable=False)
    role = db.Column(db.String(20), default='user')
    bookings = db.relationship('Booking', backref='user', cascade='all, delete-orphan')
```
ER diagram: rectangles entities, lines relationships, PK/FK mark. Schema = yahi structure.
Tables create: db.create_all() ya migrations. SQLite file SQL viewer se dikha sakte ho.
19
Explain models.py in brief

Times asked 2
Official solution

Simplemodels.py har table ki class hai — columns, PK/FK, relationships. Yeh Model layer hai.
Viva mein file khol ke bolo:
1) Kaunsi classes/tables hain (User, Role-specific, Booking...)
2) Har table ka kaam 1 line
3) Relationships: 1-1 / 1-M / M-M, backref, cascade, lazy
4) Constraints: unique email, nullable, default status
Example skeleton
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True, nullable=False)
    role = db.Column(db.String(20), default='user')
    bookings = db.relationship('Booking', backref='user', cascade='all, delete-orphan')
```
ER diagram: rectangles entities, lines relationships, PK/FK mark. Schema = yahi structure.
Tables create: db.create_all() ya migrations. SQLite file SQL viewer se dikha sakte ho.
20
Show the code, by which tables are created in db.

Times asked 2
Official solution

Simpledb Flask-SQLAlchemy ka object hai. Models db.Model se inherit karti hain, tables db.create_all() se banti hain.
db = SQLAlchemy()
db.init_app(app) # factory pattern
```
with app.app_context():
    db.create_all()

db.Model SQLAlchemy declarative base (class). Columns se table schema.
```
db properties engine/session/metadata se aati hain, Flask app config (SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI) se bind.
Admin user: create_all sirf tables; admin seed alag function mein (if not User.query.filter_by(role='admin').first(): ...).
Live schema change: Flask-Migrate/Alembic. create_all nayi tables add kare, existing columns alter nahi karta generally.
21
How are creating all your tables?

Times asked 2
Official solution

Simpledb Flask-SQLAlchemy ka object hai. Models db.Model se inherit karti hain, tables db.create_all() se banti hain.
db = SQLAlchemy()
db.init_app(app) # factory pattern
```
with app.app_context():
    db.create_all()

db.Model SQLAlchemy declarative base (class). Columns se table schema.
```
db properties engine/session/metadata se aati hain, Flask app config (SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI) se bind.
Admin user: create_all sirf tables; admin seed alag function mein (if not User.query.filter_by(role='admin').first(): ...).
Live schema change: Flask-Migrate/Alembic. create_all nayi tables add kare, existing columns alter nahi karta generally.
22

What is MVC?

Times asked 9

Official solution

SimpleMVC = Model-View-Controller. Code ko 3 hisson mein baant ta hai taaki mix na ho.
Model: data + DB. models.py — User, Trek, Booking classes.
View: jo user dekhta hai. templates/*.html + Jinja.
Controller: beech ka logic. routes / app.py — request lo, model se data, view ko do.
Example flow (register):
Browser form POST → Controller register() → User model save → redirect → View dashboard.html
Draw: Browser → Controller → Model → DB, phir Controller → View → Browser.
ORM na ho to bhi MVC ho sakta hai — Model raw SQL functions ho sakte hain. Structure matter karta hai, library nahi.
MVP/MVVM doosri architectures hain; MAD1 mein MVC expected hai.
23
ORM

Times asked 11
Official solution

SimpleORM = Object Relational Mapping. Database tables ko Python classes/objects se map karta hai, raw SQL kam likhni padti hai.
Bina ORM: cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM user WHERE id=?', [5])
ORM se: User.query.get(5) ya db.session.get(User, 5)
Example model
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True)
```
FaydePython mein soch sakte ho, SQL injection se protection (parameterized), relationships easy, DB switch thoda aasan.
Nuksaancomplex queries slow/abstract, seekhne ki layer extra, kabhi raw SQL phir bhi chahiye.
MAD1: SQLAlchemy (Flask-SQLAlchemy). Tables db.create_all() ya migrations se banti hain.
24
What is ORM?

Times asked 49
Official solution

SimpleORM = Object Relational Mapping. Database tables ko Python classes/objects se map karta hai, raw SQL kam likhni padti hai.
Bina ORM: cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM user WHERE id=?', [5])
ORM se: User.query.get(5) ya db.session.get(User, 5)
Example model
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True)
```
FaydePython mein soch sakte ho, SQL injection se protection (parameterized), relationships easy, DB switch thoda aasan.
Nuksaancomplex queries slow/abstract, seekhne ki layer extra, kabhi raw SQL phir bhi chahiye.
MAD1: SQLAlchemy (Flask-SQLAlchemy). Tables db.create_all() ya migrations se banti hain.
25
What are ORM's benefit?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleORM = Object Relational Mapping. Database tables ko Python classes/objects se map karta hai, raw SQL kam likhni padti hai.
Bina ORM: cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM user WHERE id=?', [5])
ORM se: User.query.get(5) ya db.session.get(User, 5)
Example model
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True)
```
FaydePython mein soch sakte ho, SQL injection se protection (parameterized), relationships easy, DB switch thoda aasan.
Nuksaancomplex queries slow/abstract, seekhne ki layer extra, kabhi raw SQL phir bhi chahiye.
MAD1: SQLAlchemy (Flask-SQLAlchemy). Tables db.create_all() ya migrations se banti hain.
26
Advantages of ORM.

Times asked 5
Official solution

SimpleORM = Object Relational Mapping. Database tables ko Python classes/objects se map karta hai, raw SQL kam likhni padti hai.
Bina ORM: cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM user WHERE id=?', [5])
ORM se: User.query.get(5) ya db.session.get(User, 5)
Example model
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True)
```
FaydePython mein soch sakte ho, SQL injection se protection (parameterized), relationships easy, DB switch thoda aasan.
Nuksaancomplex queries slow/abstract, seekhne ki layer extra, kabhi raw SQL phir bhi chahiye.
MAD1: SQLAlchemy (Flask-SQLAlchemy). Tables db.create_all() ya migrations se banti hain.
27
Show me ORM in your project.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleORM = Object Relational Mapping. Database tables ko Python classes/objects se map karta hai, raw SQL kam likhni padti hai.
Bina ORM: cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM user WHERE id=?', [5])
ORM se: User.query.get(5) ya db.session.get(User, 5)
Example model
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True)
```
FaydePython mein soch sakte ho, SQL injection se protection (parameterized), relationships easy, DB switch thoda aasan.
Nuksaancomplex queries slow/abstract, seekhne ki layer extra, kabhi raw SQL phir bhi chahiye.
MAD1: SQLAlchemy (Flask-SQLAlchemy). Tables db.create_all() ya migrations se banti hain.
28
What can SQLAlchemy do besides being an ORM?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleORM = Object Relational Mapping. Database tables ko Python classes/objects se map karta hai, raw SQL kam likhni padti hai.
Bina ORM: cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM user WHERE id=?', [5])
ORM se: User.query.get(5) ya db.session.get(User, 5)
Example model
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True)
```
FaydePython mein soch sakte ho, SQL injection se protection (parameterized), relationships easy, DB switch thoda aasan.
Nuksaancomplex queries slow/abstract, seekhne ki layer extra, kabhi raw SQL phir bhi chahiye.
MAD1: SQLAlchemy (Flask-SQLAlchemy). Tables db.create_all() ya migrations se banti hain.
29
Define your database.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simplemodels.py har table ki class hai — columns, PK/FK, relationships. Yeh Model layer hai.
Viva mein file khol ke bolo:
1) Kaunsi classes/tables hain (User, Role-specific, Booking...)
2) Har table ka kaam 1 line
3) Relationships: 1-1 / 1-M / M-M, backref, cascade, lazy
4) Constraints: unique email, nullable, default status
Example skeleton
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True, nullable=False)
    role = db.Column(db.String(20), default='user')
    bookings = db.relationship('Booking', backref='user', cascade='all, delete-orphan')
```
ER diagram: rectangles entities, lines relationships, PK/FK mark. Schema = yahi structure.
Tables create: db.create_all() ya migrations. SQLite file SQL viewer se dikha sakte ho.
30

Is your database normalised?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Definition style question: 1 line simple Hinglish + project example + mini code.
Template'X ka kaam Y hai. Mere project mein Z jagah use hua.'
Example'Session login state rakhta hai. session[user_id]=u.id login pe, logout pe session.clear().'
Agar topic Vue/Celery/Redis ho aur project mein nahi hai to sach bolo, theory example do.
31

Is your database in 1nf, 2nf or 3 nf?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleNormalization data ko split karke redundancy aur update-anomalies kam karti hai.
1NF: atomic values, repeating groups nahi (comma-separated skills mat rakho).
2NF: 1NF + non-key columns poori PK pe depend (composite keys pe).
3NF: 2NF + non-key columns ek doosre pe depend na hon (city→state alag table).
Examplehar booking mein user ka poora address copy vs user_id se User table.
MAD1 project generally 3NF ke kareeb. Higher NF (BCNF) theoretically, practical apps denormalize speed ke liye (cached counts).
Leaderboard: alag table better agar history/rank chahiye; sirf count hai to query se bhi ho sakta hai.
32

If your database table is completed then he asks about database normalization.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleNormalization data ko split karke redundancy aur update-anomalies kam karti hai.
1NF: atomic values, repeating groups nahi (comma-separated skills mat rakho).
2NF: 1NF + non-key columns poori PK pe depend (composite keys pe).
3NF: 2NF + non-key columns ek doosre pe depend na hon (city→state alag table).
Examplehar booking mein user ka poora address copy vs user_id se User table.
MAD1 project generally 3NF ke kareeb. Higher NF (BCNF) theoretically, practical apps denormalize speed ke liye (cached counts).
Leaderboard: alag table better agar history/rank chahiye; sirf count hai to query se bhi ho sakta hai.
33
Very detailed study of your database(tables).

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh MAD-1 viva question tumhare project ke context se linked hai. Short answer is structure se do:
Pehle 1 line definition/purpose, phir tumhare project ka example, phir chhota code/flow.
Typical Flask flowBrowser request → @app.route controller → SQLAlchemy model/DB → Jinja template response.
Auth: session['user_id'] + role check. CRUD: add/commit, query.all, field update, delete.
Live change maange to: related model → route → template, phir browser refresh karke dikhao.
Example (generic create):
obj = Model(name=request.form.get('name'))
```
db.session.add(obj); db.session.commit()
return redirect(url_for('list_view'))
```
34
He will focus on models.py very much.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simplemodels.py har table ki class hai — columns, PK/FK, relationships. Yeh Model layer hai.
Viva mein file khol ke bolo:
1) Kaunsi classes/tables hain (User, Role-specific, Booking...)
2) Har table ka kaam 1 line
3) Relationships: 1-1 / 1-M / M-M, backref, cascade, lazy
4) Constraints: unique email, nullable, default status
Example skeleton
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True, nullable=False)
    role = db.Column(db.String(20), default='user')
    bookings = db.relationship('Booking', backref='user', cascade='all, delete-orphan')
```
ER diagram: rectangles entities, lines relationships, PK/FK mark. Schema = yahi structure.
Tables create: db.create_all() ya migrations. SQLite file SQL viewer se dikha sakte ho.
35
Viewing Models.py what is parent child relationship?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleRelationships tables ko jodti hain taaki related data object se mil jaaye.
One-to-Many: User → kai Posts. posts = relationship('Post', backref='author'). FK post.user_id.
One-to-One: User → Profile. uselist=False + unique FK. Profile.user_id unique.
Many-to-Many: Student ↔ Drive. Junction/secondary table (student_id, drive_id).
Example 1-1:
```
class Profile(db.Model):
    user_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('user.id'), unique=True)
    user = db.relationship('User', back_populates='profile', uselist=False)
```
1-M ko 1-1: child FK pe unique=True + uselist=False.
Parent-child: parent PK, child FK. Junction table extra columns bhi rakh sakti hai (applied_on).
36
Show relationships in your models

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simplemodels.py har table ki class hai — columns, PK/FK, relationships. Yeh Model layer hai.
Viva mein file khol ke bolo:
1) Kaunsi classes/tables hain (User, Role-specific, Booking...)
2) Har table ka kaam 1 line
3) Relationships: 1-1 / 1-M / M-M, backref, cascade, lazy
4) Constraints: unique email, nullable, default status
Example skeleton
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True, nullable=False)
    role = db.Column(db.String(20), default='user')
    bookings = db.relationship('Booking', backref='user', cascade='all, delete-orphan')
```
ER diagram: rectangles entities, lines relationships, PK/FK mark. Schema = yahi structure.
Tables create: db.create_all() ya migrations. SQLite file SQL viewer se dikha sakte ho.
37
What is backref?

Times asked 12
Official solution

Simplebackref relationship ki reverse side automatically bana deta hai.
```
class Post(db.Model):
    user_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('user.id'))
    user = db.relationship('User', backref='posts')
```
Ab post.user milta hai, aur user.posts bhi — Post model pe sirf ek line.
secondary Many-to-Many junction table ke liye: relationship(..., secondary=likes_table, backref='liked_by').
Explicit chahiye to back_populates use karo.
38
Backref

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simplebackref relationship ki reverse side automatically bana deta hai.
```
class Post(db.Model):
    user_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('user.id'))
    user = db.relationship('User', backref='posts')
```
Ab post.user milta hai, aur user.posts bhi — Post model pe sirf ek line.
secondary Many-to-Many junction table ke liye: relationship(..., secondary=likes_table, backref='liked_by').
Explicit chahiye to back_populates use karo.
39
Lazy

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simplelazy loading related objects tab load karta hai jab attribute access karte ho, pehle nahi.
```
user = User.query.get(1)  # posts query nahi
```
user.posts # ab query
lazy=True / 'select' default. lazy='joined' eager join. lazy='dynamic' query object.
uselist=False One-to-One (single object, list nahi). Hataoge to list mil sakti hai.
Frontend lazy loading images alag cheez hai (viewport mein aaye tab load).
40
What does this "backref" do? (in relationships)

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simplebackref relationship ki reverse side automatically bana deta hai.
```
class Post(db.Model):
    user_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('user.id'))
    user = db.relationship('User', backref='posts')
```
Ab post.user milta hai, aur user.posts bhi — Post model pe sirf ek line.
secondary Many-to-Many junction table ke liye: relationship(..., secondary=likes_table, backref='liked_by').
Explicit chahiye to back_populates use karo.
41
VCS

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh MAD-1 viva question tumhare project ke context se linked hai. Short answer is structure se do:
Pehle 1 line definition/purpose, phir tumhare project ka example, phir chhota code/flow.
Typical Flask flowBrowser request → @app.route controller → SQLAlchemy model/DB → Jinja template response.
Auth: session['user_id'] + role check. CRUD: add/commit, query.all, field update, delete.
Live change maange to: related model → route → template, phir browser refresh karke dikhao.
Example (generic create):
obj = Model(name=request.form.get('name'))
```
db.session.add(obj); db.session.commit()
return redirect(url_for('list_view'))
```
42

What type of VCS is GIT?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Definition style question: 1 line simple Hinglish + project example + mini code.
Template'X ka kaam Y hai. Mere project mein Z jagah use hua.'
Example'Session login state rakhta hai. session[user_id]=u.id login pe, logout pe session.clear().'
Agar topic Vue/Celery/Redis ho aur project mein nahi hai to sach bolo, theory example do.
43

Git is distributed? What distributed means here

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleVCS history track karta hai, Git ek distributed VCS hai.
VCS: kaun kab kya change kiya, rollback, branches. Example: Git, SVN.
Git distributed: har developer ke paas poori copy (commits) hoti hai. Central GitHub sirf remote hosting hai, lekin Git ka model distributed hai.
SVN centralized: bina server ke history nahi.
Commands: git status (kya dirty hai), git branch / git checkout -b feature (nayi branch), git rm --cached file (track band, file rahe).
Fayda: collaboration, backup, experiment branches, viva GitHub collaborator check.
Git ke bina bhi files rakh sakte ho, lekin history/merge nahi.
44
Git VSC client server or distributed and why

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh MAD-1 viva question tumhare project ke context se linked hai. Short answer is structure se do:
Pehle 1 line definition/purpose, phir tumhare project ka example, phir chhota code/flow.
Typical Flask flowBrowser request → @app.route controller → SQLAlchemy model/DB → Jinja template response.
Auth: session['user_id'] + role check. CRUD: add/commit, query.all, field update, delete.
Live change maange to: related model → route → template, phir browser refresh karke dikhao.
Example (generic create):
obj = Model(name=request.form.get('name'))
```
db.session.add(obj); db.session.commit()
return redirect(url_for('list_view'))
```
45

Is git centralized or distributed

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleVCS history track karta hai, Git ek distributed VCS hai.
VCS: kaun kab kya change kiya, rollback, branches. Example: Git, SVN.
Git distributed: har developer ke paas poori copy (commits) hoti hai. Central GitHub sirf remote hosting hai, lekin Git ka model distributed hai.
SVN centralized: bina server ke history nahi.
Commands: git status (kya dirty hai), git branch / git checkout -b feature (nayi branch), git rm --cached file (track band, file rahe).
Fayda: collaboration, backup, experiment branches, viva GitHub collaborator check.
Git ke bina bhi files rakh sakte ho, lekin history/merge nahi.
46

Difference between centralized and distributed

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleVCS history track karta hai, Git ek distributed VCS hai.
VCS: kaun kab kya change kiya, rollback, branches. Example: Git, SVN.
Git distributed: har developer ke paas poori copy (commits) hoti hai. Central GitHub sirf remote hosting hai, lekin Git ka model distributed hai.
SVN centralized: bina server ke history nahi.
Commands: git status (kya dirty hai), git branch / git checkout -b feature (nayi branch), git rm --cached file (track band, file rahe).
Fayda: collaboration, backup, experiment branches, viva GitHub collaborator check.
Git ke bina bhi files rakh sakte ho, lekin history/merge nahi.
47
Another use of git apart from tracking

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh MAD-1 viva question tumhare project ke context se linked hai. Short answer is structure se do:
Pehle 1 line definition/purpose, phir tumhare project ka example, phir chhota code/flow.
Typical Flask flowBrowser request → @app.route controller → SQLAlchemy model/DB → Jinja template response.
Auth: session['user_id'] + role check. CRUD: add/commit, query.all, field update, delete.
Live change maange to: related model → route → template, phir browser refresh karke dikhao.
Example (generic create):
obj = Model(name=request.form.get('name'))
```
db.session.add(obj); db.session.commit()
return redirect(url_for('list_view'))
```
48

Advantages of git

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleGit files ki history rakhta hai. GitHub remote + collaborator viva check.
git status — kya change/untracked
git checkout -b viva-fix ya git switch -c viva-fix — nayi branch
git rm --cached notes.txt — track band, file disk pe rahe (.gitignore)
git log — commits (examiner poochta hai)
Collaborator: repo → Settings → Collaborators. MAD-1 instructor add karna mandatory hota hai.
49
Which sends more data get or post?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleGET data mangta hai (read), POST data bhejta hai (create/submit).
GETURL mein dikhta hai, bookmark ho sakta hai, browser back/refresh safe hai, data URL query mein jaata hai. Search, page open, login form dikhana.
POSTbody mein data jaata hai, URL mein password nahi dikhta, refresh pe dubara submit ho sakta hai. Login, register, form save.
Example
# page dikhana
```
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
    if request.method == 'GET':
        return render_template('login.html')
    # POST: form submit
    email = request.form.get('email')
    ...
```
GET se theoretically data bhej sakte ho (?q=flask), lekin create/update ke liye nahi use karna — data log/history mein save ho jaata hai, length limit hoti hai.
HTML form default GET hota hai; method='POST' likhna zaroori hai login/register pe.
50
Difference between GET and POST

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleGET data mangta hai (read), POST data bhejta hai (create/submit).
GETURL mein dikhta hai, bookmark ho sakta hai, browser back/refresh safe hai, data URL query mein jaata hai. Search, page open, login form dikhana.
POSTbody mein data jaata hai, URL mein password nahi dikhta, refresh pe dubara submit ho sakta hai. Login, register, form save.
Example
# page dikhana
```
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
    if request.method == 'GET':
        return render_template('login.html')
    # POST: form submit
    email = request.form.get('email')
    ...
```
GET se theoretically data bhej sakte ho (?q=flask), lekin create/update ke liye nahi use karna — data log/history mein save ho jaata hai, length limit hoti hai.
HTML form default GET hota hai; method='POST' likhna zaroori hai login/register pe.
51
What is the difference between GET and POST methods?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleGET data mangta hai (read), POST data bhejta hai (create/submit).
GETURL mein dikhta hai, bookmark ho sakta hai, browser back/refresh safe hai, data URL query mein jaata hai. Search, page open, login form dikhana.
POSTbody mein data jaata hai, URL mein password nahi dikhta, refresh pe dubara submit ho sakta hai. Login, register, form save.
Example
# page dikhana
```
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
    if request.method == 'GET':
        return render_template('login.html')
    # POST: form submit
    email = request.form.get('email')
    ...
```
GET se theoretically data bhej sakte ho (?q=flask), lekin create/update ke liye nahi use karna — data log/history mein save ho jaata hai, length limit hoti hai.
HTML form default GET hota hai; method='POST' likhna zaroori hai login/register pe.
52

Different types of requests

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleHTTP methods batate hain request kya karna chahti hai. Common: GET POST PUT PATCH DELETE.
GETread/fetch. Safe, URL se. Page kholna, search.
POSTcreate/submit. Form, login.
PUTpoora replace/update. Idempotent.
PATCHpartial update.
DELETEhataana.
HEAD: sirf headers. OPTIONS: CORS preflight.
Flask: @app.route('/x', methods=['GET','POST'])
Agar methods na likho to default sirf GET.
HTML form native sirf GET/POST. PUT/DELETE JS/fetch ya hidden _method se.
GET se data fetch ho sakta hai, create nahi karna chahiye. POST se theoretically fetch ho sakta hai lekin cache/semantics galat.
DELETE fetch ke liye nahi. GET POST ka kaam officially nahi karta — side effects GET pe mat rakho.
53
Can GET be used to send info

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleGET data mangta hai (read), POST data bhejta hai (create/submit).
GETURL mein dikhta hai, bookmark ho sakta hai, browser back/refresh safe hai, data URL query mein jaata hai. Search, page open, login form dikhana.
POSTbody mein data jaata hai, URL mein password nahi dikhta, refresh pe dubara submit ho sakta hai. Login, register, form save.
Example
# page dikhana
```
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
    if request.method == 'GET':
        return render_template('login.html')
    # POST: form submit
    email = request.form.get('email')
    ...
```
GET se theoretically data bhej sakte ho (?q=flask), lekin create/update ke liye nahi use karna — data log/history mein save ho jaata hai, length limit hoti hai.
HTML form default GET hota hai; method='POST' likhna zaroori hai login/register pe.
54
Can we send data through GET?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleGET data mangta hai (read), POST data bhejta hai (create/submit).
GETURL mein dikhta hai, bookmark ho sakta hai, browser back/refresh safe hai, data URL query mein jaata hai. Search, page open, login form dikhana.
POSTbody mein data jaata hai, URL mein password nahi dikhta, refresh pe dubara submit ho sakta hai. Login, register, form save.
Example
# page dikhana
```
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
    if request.method == 'GET':
        return render_template('login.html')
    # POST: form submit
    email = request.form.get('email')
    ...
```
GET se theoretically data bhej sakte ho (?q=flask), lekin create/update ke liye nahi use karna — data log/history mein save ho jaata hai, length limit hoti hai.
HTML form default GET hota hai; method='POST' likhna zaroori hai login/register pe.
55
Can we use get to make changes

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleGET data mangta hai (read), POST data bhejta hai (create/submit).
GETURL mein dikhta hai, bookmark ho sakta hai, browser back/refresh safe hai, data URL query mein jaata hai. Search, page open, login form dikhana.
POSTbody mein data jaata hai, URL mein password nahi dikhta, refresh pe dubara submit ho sakta hai. Login, register, form save.
Example
# page dikhana
```
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
    if request.method == 'GET':
        return render_template('login.html')
    # POST: form submit
    email = request.form.get('email')
    ...
```
GET se theoretically data bhej sakte ho (?q=flask), lekin create/update ke liye nahi use karna — data log/history mein save ho jaata hai, length limit hoti hai.
HTML form default GET hota hai; method='POST' likhna zaroori hai login/register pe.
56

Is it possible to send data thru Get request?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Definition style question: 1 line simple Hinglish + project example + mini code.
Template'X ka kaam Y hai. Mere project mein Z jagah use hua.'
Example'Session login state rakhta hai. session[user_id]=u.id login pe, logout pe session.clear().'
Agar topic Vue/Celery/Redis ho aur project mein nahi hai to sach bolo, theory example do.
57

HTTP vs HTTPS

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleHTTP plain text bhejta hai, HTTPS encrypted bhejta hai.
HTTP: data beech mein koi padh sakta hai (password, session). Port 80. Padlock nahi.
HTTPS: SSL/TLS se encrypt. Port 443. Certificate verify hota hai. Man-in-the-middle mushkil.
Examplecafe WiFi pe HTTP login karo to password sniff ho sakta hai. HTTPS pe attacker ko garbage dikhega.
Viva: HTTPS = HTTP + encryption + identity (certificate). Production apps hamesha HTTPS.
58

Http vs https

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleHTTP plain text bhejta hai, HTTPS encrypted bhejta hai.
HTTP: data beech mein koi padh sakta hai (password, session). Port 80. Padlock nahi.
HTTPS: SSL/TLS se encrypt. Port 443. Certificate verify hota hai. Man-in-the-middle mushkil.
Examplecafe WiFi pe HTTP login karo to password sniff ho sakta hai. HTTPS pe attacker ko garbage dikhega.
Viva: HTTPS = HTTP + encryption + identity (certificate). Production apps hamesha HTTPS.
59

Which is more secure http or https and why?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleHTTP plain text bhejta hai, HTTPS encrypted bhejta hai.
HTTP: data beech mein koi padh sakta hai (password, session). Port 80. Padlock nahi.
HTTPS: SSL/TLS se encrypt. Port 443. Certificate verify hota hai. Man-in-the-middle mushkil.
Examplecafe WiFi pe HTTP login karo to password sniff ho sakta hai. HTTPS pe attacker ko garbage dikhega.
Viva: HTTPS = HTTP + encryption + identity (certificate). Production apps hamesha HTTPS.
60

What is https, why its secure

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleHTTP plain text bhejta hai, HTTPS encrypted bhejta hai.
HTTP: data beech mein koi padh sakta hai (password, session). Port 80. Padlock nahi.
HTTPS: SSL/TLS se encrypt. Port 443. Certificate verify hota hai. Man-in-the-middle mushkil.
Examplecafe WiFi pe HTTP login karo to password sniff ho sakta hai. HTTPS pe attacker ko garbage dikhega.
Viva: HTTPS = HTTP + encryption + identity (certificate). Production apps hamesha HTTPS.
61

How is data secured in HTTPS?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Definition style question: 1 line simple Hinglish + project example + mini code.
Template'X ka kaam Y hai. Mere project mein Z jagah use hua.'
Example'Session login state rakhta hai. session[user_id]=u.id login pe, logout pe session.clear().'
Agar topic Vue/Celery/Redis ho aur project mein nahi hai to sach bolo, theory example do.
62

What do you mean by stateless?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleHTTP stateless hai — har request independent, server previous request yaad nahi rakhta.
Isliye login ke baad bhi har request pe kaun ho yeh prove karna padta hai: cookie/session/JWT.
State = yaad rakhna (user_id, cart). HTTP khud nahi rakhta; Flask session iske upar layer hai.
Fayda: scale aasan, koi bhi server next request handle kar sake (sticky session ke bina, token use karke).

See reviews Level3_12 MAD1 Level 1

Jul 30, 2026

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1

Introduce yourself.

Times asked 7

Official solution

Simple20-30 second intro, phir ID nikaal ke rakhna.
Example'Namaste, main <Name> hoon, IITM BS degree, MAD-1 project <ProjectName> — Flask, SQLAlchemy, Jinja. Roles: Admin, Staff, User. CRUD, auth, search implement kiye.'
Interest poochhe to ek genuine cheez (ML, web, cricket) + 1 line. Fake buzzwords mat maaro.
End mein feedback maangna theek hai: 'Koi improvement suggest karenge?'
2

Small introduction

Times asked 2

Official solution

Simple20-30 second intro, phir ID nikaal ke rakhna.
Example'Namaste, main <Name> hoon, IITM BS degree, MAD-1 project <ProjectName> — Flask, SQLAlchemy, Jinja. Roles: Admin, Staff, User. CRUD, auth, search implement kiye.'
Interest poochhe to ek genuine cheez (ML, web, cricket) + 1 line. Fake buzzwords mat maaro.
End mein feedback maangna theek hai: 'Koi improvement suggest karenge?'
3

Project demo

Times asked 7

Official solution

SimpleDemo script pehle se practice karo, 5-7 minute, saari roles.
Suggested flow
1) Register/login user 2) Admin login — CRUD 3) Approval/blacklist 4) Booking/apply 5) Search 6) Validation edge (slots 0, duplicate) 7) Logout
Bolte-bolte dikhao: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Code tab kholna jab poochhein.
Crash ho to debug calmly: terminal error, typo, DB path.
Mandatory features skip mat karna — examiner list tick karta hai.
4
Explain your code.

Times asked 2
Official solution

Examiner code pe ungli rakh ke poochta hai — panic mat karo, 4-line formula bolo.
1) Yeh file/line kya role hai (model / route / template / config)?
2) Input kahan se aata hai (form, URL <id>, session, JSON)?
3) DB pe kya query/write?
4) Output kya (render_template / redirect / jsonify)?
Example
```
@app.route('/book/<int:id>', methods=['POST']) — logged-in user session se, trek id URL se, Booking add, slots--, redirect history.
```
Unknown line: imports (request, url_for, flash), decorators, if checks, commit — har keyword ka reason ready rakho.
5
Explain Backend

Times asked 1
Official solution

Examiner code pe ungli rakh ke poochta hai — panic mat karo, 4-line formula bolo.
1) Yeh file/line kya role hai (model / route / template / config)?
2) Input kahan se aata hai (form, URL <id>, session, JSON)?
3) DB pe kya query/write?
4) Output kya (render_template / redirect / jsonify)?
Example
```
@app.route('/book/<int:id>', methods=['POST']) — logged-in user session se, trek id URL se, Booking add, slots--, redirect history.
```
Unknown line: imports (request, url_for, flash), decorators, if checks, commit — har keyword ka reason ready rakho.
6

Explain one of the controllers route

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleRoutes/controllers URLs handle karte hain. app.py app banata hai, models.py data, templates/ views, static/ CSS-JS.
Typical structure:
app.py / __init__.py → Flask app, db.init, register blueprints
models.py → tables
routes.py / views → @app.route functions
templates/ → Jinja HTML
static/ → css, images
instance/*.db → SQLite
Ek route explain karne ka template:
1) URL + methods 2) Auth/role check 3) Form/query se data 4) Business rule (duplicate, slots) 5) db.session 6) render ya redirect
Example GET+POST same route: GET form, POST save.
Data HTML se: form name= → request.form. Data HTML ko: render_template(..., items=query).
Nayi .py file: import karke use karo, warna Flask ko pata nahi. Folder rename: imports/paths/templates check.
7

Explain specific routes and the logic used in them

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleRoutes/controllers URLs handle karte hain. app.py app banata hai, models.py data, templates/ views, static/ CSS-JS.
Typical structure:
app.py / __init__.py → Flask app, db.init, register blueprints
models.py → tables
routes.py / views → @app.route functions
templates/ → Jinja HTML
static/ → css, images
instance/*.db → SQLite
Ek route explain karne ka template:
1) URL + methods 2) Auth/role check 3) Form/query se data 4) Business rule (duplicate, slots) 5) db.session 6) render ya redirect
Example GET+POST same route: GET form, POST save.
Data HTML se: form name= → request.form. Data HTML ko: render_template(..., items=query).
Nayi .py file: import karke use karo, warna Flask ko pata nahi. Folder rename: imports/paths/templates check.
8

Explain how the route is being accessed.

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleRoutes/controllers URLs handle karte hain. app.py app banata hai, models.py data, templates/ views, static/ CSS-JS.
Typical structure:
app.py / __init__.py → Flask app, db.init, register blueprints
models.py → tables
routes.py / views → @app.route functions
templates/ → Jinja HTML
static/ → css, images
instance/*.db → SQLite
Ek route explain karne ka template:
1) URL + methods 2) Auth/role check 3) Form/query se data 4) Business rule (duplicate, slots) 5) db.session 6) render ya redirect
Example GET+POST same route: GET form, POST save.
Data HTML se: form name= → request.form. Data HTML ko: render_template(..., items=query).
Nayi .py file: import karke use karo, warna Flask ko pata nahi. Folder rename: imports/paths/templates check.
9

Explain how the routes get data from the htmls

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleRoutes/controllers URLs handle karte hain. app.py app banata hai, models.py data, templates/ views, static/ CSS-JS.
Typical structure:
app.py / __init__.py → Flask app, db.init, register blueprints
models.py → tables
routes.py / views → @app.route functions
templates/ → Jinja HTML
static/ → css, images
instance/*.db → SQLite
Ek route explain karne ka template:
1) URL + methods 2) Auth/role check 3) Form/query se data 4) Business rule (duplicate, slots) 5) db.session 6) render ya redirect
Example GET+POST same route: GET form, POST save.
Data HTML se: form name= → request.form. Data HTML ko: render_template(..., items=query).
Nayi .py file: import karke use karo, warna Flask ko pata nahi. Folder rename: imports/paths/templates check.
10

What happens when you click submit button- explain using your code file

Times asked 2

Official solution

Simple flow: Browser → Route (controller) → Model/DB → phir template (view) → Browser.
Submit example:
1) HTML form POST /register, name='email'
2) register() request.form.get('email')
3) User(email=...) ; db.session.add; commit
4) redirect dashboard
5) dashboard query + render_template
6) Jinja {{ user.email }} / {% for %}
GET search: /search?q=flask → request.args.get('q') → filter ilike → template list.
JSON API: jsonify, frontend fetch().
11

Show MVC in code.

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleMVC = Model-View-Controller. Code ko 3 hisson mein baant ta hai taaki mix na ho.
Model: data + DB. models.py — User, Trek, Booking classes.
View: jo user dekhta hai. templates/*.html + Jinja.
Controller: beech ka logic. routes / app.py — request lo, model se data, view ko do.
Example flow (register):
Browser form POST → Controller register() → User model save → redirect → View dashboard.html
Draw: Browser → Controller → Model → DB, phir Controller → View → Browser.
ORM na ho to bhi MVC ho sakta hai — Model raw SQL functions ho sakte hain. Structure matter karta hai, library nahi.
MVP/MVVM doosri architectures hain; MAD1 mein MVC expected hai.
12

Show MVC in your project and explain.

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleMVC = Model-View-Controller. Code ko 3 hisson mein baant ta hai taaki mix na ho.
Model: data + DB. models.py — User, Trek, Booking classes.
View: jo user dekhta hai. templates/*.html + Jinja.
Controller: beech ka logic. routes / app.py — request lo, model se data, view ko do.
Example flow (register):
Browser form POST → Controller register() → User model save → redirect → View dashboard.html
Draw: Browser → Controller → Model → DB, phir Controller → View → Browser.
ORM na ho to bhi MVC ho sakta hai — Model raw SQL functions ho sakte hain. Structure matter karta hai, library nahi.
MVP/MVVM doosri architectures hain; MAD1 mein MVC expected hai.
13

What is mvc, show which part of your code comes under model, and which one comes under controller and view.

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleMVC = Model-View-Controller. Code ko 3 hisson mein baant ta hai taaki mix na ho.
Model: data + DB. models.py — User, Trek, Booking classes.
View: jo user dekhta hai. templates/*.html + Jinja.
Controller: beech ka logic. routes / app.py — request lo, model se data, view ko do.
Example flow (register):
Browser form POST → Controller register() → User model save → redirect → View dashboard.html
Draw: Browser → Controller → Model → DB, phir Controller → View → Browser.
ORM na ho to bhi MVC ho sakta hai — Model raw SQL functions ho sakte hain. Structure matter karta hai, library nahi.
MVP/MVVM doosri architectures hain; MAD1 mein MVC expected hai.
SimpleRoutes/controllers URLs handle karte hain. app.py app banata hai, models.py data, templates/ views, static/ CSS-JS.
Typical structure:
app.py / __init__.py → Flask app, db.init, register blueprints
models.py → tables
routes.py / views → @app.route functions
templates/ → Jinja HTML
static/ → css, images
instance/*.db → SQLite
Ek route explain karne ka template:
1) URL + methods 2) Auth/role check 3) Form/query se data 4) Business rule (duplicate, slots) 5) db.session 6) render ya redirect
Example GET+POST same route: GET form, POST save.
Data HTML se: form name= → request.form. Data HTML ko: render_template(..., items=query).
Nayi .py file: import karke use karo, warna Flask ko pata nahi. Folder rename: imports/paths/templates check.
14
Explain the Models, Forms, Login

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simplemodels.py har table ki class hai — columns, PK/FK, relationships. Yeh Model layer hai.
Viva mein file khol ke bolo:
1) Kaunsi classes/tables hain (User, Role-specific, Booking...)
2) Har table ka kaam 1 line
3) Relationships: 1-1 / 1-M / M-M, backref, cascade, lazy
4) Constraints: unique email, nullable, default status
Example skeleton
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True, nullable=False)
    role = db.Column(db.String(20), default='user')
    bookings = db.relationship('Booking', backref='user', cascade='all, delete-orphan')
```
ER diagram: rectangles entities, lines relationships, PK/FK mark. Schema = yahi structure.
Tables create: db.create_all() ya migrations. SQLite file SQL viewer se dikha sakte ho.
15
Explain all the Models in code

Times asked 2
Official solution

Simplemodels.py har table ki class hai — columns, PK/FK, relationships. Yeh Model layer hai.
Viva mein file khol ke bolo:
1) Kaunsi classes/tables hain (User, Role-specific, Booking...)
2) Har table ka kaam 1 line
3) Relationships: 1-1 / 1-M / M-M, backref, cascade, lazy
4) Constraints: unique email, nullable, default status
Example skeleton
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True, nullable=False)
    role = db.Column(db.String(20), default='user')
    bookings = db.relationship('Booking', backref='user', cascade='all, delete-orphan')
```
ER diagram: rectangles entities, lines relationships, PK/FK mark. Schema = yahi structure.
Tables create: db.create_all() ya migrations. SQLite file SQL viewer se dikha sakte ho.
16
Explain all the Models in detail

Times asked 2
Official solution

Simplemodels.py har table ki class hai — columns, PK/FK, relationships. Yeh Model layer hai.
Viva mein file khol ke bolo:
1) Kaunsi classes/tables hain (User, Role-specific, Booking...)
2) Har table ka kaam 1 line
3) Relationships: 1-1 / 1-M / M-M, backref, cascade, lazy
4) Constraints: unique email, nullable, default status
Example skeleton
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True, nullable=False)
    role = db.Column(db.String(20), default='user')
    bookings = db.relationship('Booking', backref='user', cascade='all, delete-orphan')
```
ER diagram: rectangles entities, lines relationships, PK/FK mark. Schema = yahi structure.
Tables create: db.create_all() ya migrations. SQLite file SQL viewer se dikha sakte ho.
17
Explain models.py in brief

Times asked 2
Official solution

Simplemodels.py har table ki class hai — columns, PK/FK, relationships. Yeh Model layer hai.
Viva mein file khol ke bolo:
1) Kaunsi classes/tables hain (User, Role-specific, Booking...)
2) Har table ka kaam 1 line
3) Relationships: 1-1 / 1-M / M-M, backref, cascade, lazy
4) Constraints: unique email, nullable, default status
Example skeleton
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True, nullable=False)
    role = db.Column(db.String(20), default='user')
    bookings = db.relationship('Booking', backref='user', cascade='all, delete-orphan')
```
ER diagram: rectangles entities, lines relationships, PK/FK mark. Schema = yahi structure.
Tables create: db.create_all() ya migrations. SQLite file SQL viewer se dikha sakte ho.
18
Show the code, by which tables are created in db.

Times asked 2
Official solution

Simpledb Flask-SQLAlchemy ka object hai. Models db.Model se inherit karti hain, tables db.create_all() se banti hain.
db = SQLAlchemy()
db.init_app(app) # factory pattern
```
with app.app_context():
    db.create_all()

db.Model SQLAlchemy declarative base (class). Columns se table schema.
```
db properties engine/session/metadata se aati hain, Flask app config (SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI) se bind.
Admin user: create_all sirf tables; admin seed alag function mein (if not User.query.filter_by(role='admin').first(): ...).
Live schema change: Flask-Migrate/Alembic. create_all nayi tables add kare, existing columns alter nahi karta generally.
19

What commands you use to create the database

Times asked 1

Official solution

Definition style question: 1 line simple Hinglish + project example + mini code.
Template'X ka kaam Y hai. Mere project mein Z jagah use hua.'
Example'Session login state rakhta hai. session[user_id]=u.id login pe, logout pe session.clear().'
Agar topic Vue/Celery/Redis ho aur project mein nahi hai to sach bolo, theory example do.
20
How are creating all your tables?

Times asked 2
Official solution

Simpledb Flask-SQLAlchemy ka object hai. Models db.Model se inherit karti hain, tables db.create_all() se banti hain.
db = SQLAlchemy()
db.init_app(app) # factory pattern
```
with app.app_context():
    db.create_all()

db.Model SQLAlchemy declarative base (class). Columns se table schema.
```
db properties engine/session/metadata se aati hain, Flask app config (SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI) se bind.
Admin user: create_all sirf tables; admin seed alag function mein (if not User.query.filter_by(role='admin').first(): ...).
Live schema change: Flask-Migrate/Alembic. create_all nayi tables add kare, existing columns alter nahi karta generally.

See reviews Level2_85 MAD1 Level 1

Jul 30, 2026

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1

App demo

Times asked 3

Official solution

SimpleDemo script pehle se practice karo, 5-7 minute, saari roles.
Suggested flow
1) Register/login user 2) Admin login — CRUD 3) Approval/blacklist 4) Booking/apply 5) Search 6) Validation edge (slots 0, duplicate) 7) Logout
Bolte-bolte dikhao: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Code tab kholna jab poochhein.
Crash ho to debug calmly: terminal error, typo, DB path.
Mandatory features skip mat karna — examiner list tick karta hai.
2

Full Demonstration of the web app.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDemo script pehle se practice karo, 5-7 minute, saari roles.
Suggested flow
1) Register/login user 2) Admin login — CRUD 3) Approval/blacklist 4) Booking/apply 5) Search 6) Validation edge (slots 0, duplicate) 7) Logout
Bolte-bolte dikhao: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Code tab kholna jab poochhein.
Crash ho to debug calmly: terminal error, typo, DB path.
Mandatory features skip mat karna — examiner list tick karta hai.
3

Demo of project and overview

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDemo script pehle se practice karo, 5-7 minute, saari roles.
Suggested flow
1) Register/login user 2) Admin login — CRUD 3) Approval/blacklist 4) Booking/apply 5) Search 6) Validation edge (slots 0, duplicate) 7) Logout
Bolte-bolte dikhao: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Code tab kholna jab poochhein.
Crash ho to debug calmly: terminal error, typo, DB path.
Mandatory features skip mat karna — examiner list tick karta hai.
4
are you using ORM

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleORM = Object Relational Mapping. Database tables ko Python classes/objects se map karta hai, raw SQL kam likhni padti hai.
Bina ORM: cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM user WHERE id=?', [5])
ORM se: User.query.get(5) ya db.session.get(User, 5)
Example model
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True)
```
FaydePython mein soch sakte ho, SQL injection se protection (parameterized), relationships easy, DB switch thoda aasan.
Nuksaancomplex queries slow/abstract, seekhne ki layer extra, kabhi raw SQL phir bhi chahiye.
MAD1: SQLAlchemy (Flask-SQLAlchemy). Tables db.create_all() ya migrations se banti hain.
5
Advantages of ORM.

Times asked 5
Official solution

SimpleORM = Object Relational Mapping. Database tables ko Python classes/objects se map karta hai, raw SQL kam likhni padti hai.
Bina ORM: cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM user WHERE id=?', [5])
ORM se: User.query.get(5) ya db.session.get(User, 5)
Example model
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True)
```
FaydePython mein soch sakte ho, SQL injection se protection (parameterized), relationships easy, DB switch thoda aasan.
Nuksaancomplex queries slow/abstract, seekhne ki layer extra, kabhi raw SQL phir bhi chahiye.
MAD1: SQLAlchemy (Flask-SQLAlchemy). Tables db.create_all() ya migrations se banti hain.
6
ORM, MVC

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleORM = Object Relational Mapping. Database tables ko Python classes/objects se map karta hai, raw SQL kam likhni padti hai.
Bina ORM: cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM user WHERE id=?', [5])
ORM se: User.query.get(5) ya db.session.get(User, 5)
Example model
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True)
```
FaydePython mein soch sakte ho, SQL injection se protection (parameterized), relationships easy, DB switch thoda aasan.
Nuksaancomplex queries slow/abstract, seekhne ki layer extra, kabhi raw SQL phir bhi chahiye.
MAD1: SQLAlchemy (Flask-SQLAlchemy). Tables db.create_all() ya migrations se banti hain.
7
show relationships in your models

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simplemodels.py har table ki class hai — columns, PK/FK, relationships. Yeh Model layer hai.
Viva mein file khol ke bolo:
1) Kaunsi classes/tables hain (User, Role-specific, Booking...)
2) Har table ka kaam 1 line
3) Relationships: 1-1 / 1-M / M-M, backref, cascade, lazy
4) Constraints: unique email, nullable, default status
Example skeleton
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True, nullable=False)
    role = db.Column(db.String(20), default='user')
    bookings = db.relationship('Booking', backref='user', cascade='all, delete-orphan')
```
ER diagram: rectangles entities, lines relationships, PK/FK mark. Schema = yahi structure.
Tables create: db.create_all() ya migrations. SQLite file SQL viewer se dikha sakte ho.
8
Relationships

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleRelationships tables ko jodti hain taaki related data object se mil jaaye.
One-to-Many: User → kai Posts. posts = relationship('Post', backref='author'). FK post.user_id.
One-to-One: User → Profile. uselist=False + unique FK. Profile.user_id unique.
Many-to-Many: Student ↔ Drive. Junction/secondary table (student_id, drive_id).
Example 1-1:
```
class Profile(db.Model):
    user_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('user.id'), unique=True)
    user = db.relationship('User', back_populates='profile', uselist=False)
```
1-M ko 1-1: child FK pe unique=True + uselist=False.
Parent-child: parent PK, child FK. Junction table extra columns bhi rakh sakti hai (applied_on).
9
what is backpopulates, backref and secondary

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simplebackref relationship ki reverse side automatically bana deta hai.
```
class Post(db.Model):
    user_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('user.id'))
    user = db.relationship('User', backref='posts')
```
Ab post.user milta hai, aur user.posts bhi — Post model pe sirf ek line.
secondary Many-to-Many junction table ke liye: relationship(..., secondary=likes_table, backref='liked_by').
Explicit chahiye to back_populates use karo.
10

Explain Git and VCS

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleVCS history track karta hai, Git ek distributed VCS hai.
VCS: kaun kab kya change kiya, rollback, branches. Example: Git, SVN.
Git distributed: har developer ke paas poori copy (commits) hoti hai. Central GitHub sirf remote hosting hai, lekin Git ka model distributed hai.
SVN centralized: bina server ke history nahi.
Commands: git status (kya dirty hai), git branch / git checkout -b feature (nayi branch), git rm --cached file (track band, file rahe).
Fayda: collaboration, backup, experiment branches, viva GitHub collaborator check.
Git ke bina bhi files rakh sakte ho, lekin history/merge nahi.
11
Expain logic behind deleting category.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Examiner code pe ungli rakh ke poochta hai — panic mat karo, 4-line formula bolo.
1) Yeh file/line kya role hai (model / route / template / config)?
2) Input kahan se aata hai (form, URL <id>, session, JSON)?
3) DB pe kya query/write?
4) Output kya (render_template / redirect / jsonify)?
Example
```
@app.route('/book/<int:id>', methods=['POST']) — logged-in user session se, trek id URL se, Booking add, slots--, redirect history.
```
Unknown line: imports (request, url_for, flash), decorators, if checks, commit — har keyword ka reason ready rakho.
12
Template inheritence.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh MAD-1 viva question tumhare project ke context se linked hai. Short answer is structure se do:
Pehle 1 line definition/purpose, phir tumhare project ka example, phir chhota code/flow.
Typical Flask flowBrowser request → @app.route controller → SQLAlchemy model/DB → Jinja template response.
Auth: session['user_id'] + role check. CRUD: add/commit, query.all, field update, delete.
Live change maange to: related model → route → template, phir browser refresh karke dikhao.
Example (generic create):
obj = Model(name=request.form.get('name'))
```
db.session.add(obj); db.session.commit()
return redirect(url_for('list_view'))
```
13
Database related

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simplemodels.py har table ki class hai — columns, PK/FK, relationships. Yeh Model layer hai.
Viva mein file khol ke bolo:
1) Kaunsi classes/tables hain (User, Role-specific, Booking...)
2) Har table ka kaam 1 line
3) Relationships: 1-1 / 1-M / M-M, backref, cascade, lazy
4) Constraints: unique email, nullable, default status
Example skeleton
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True, nullable=False)
    role = db.Column(db.String(20), default='user')
    bookings = db.relationship('Booking', backref='user', cascade='all, delete-orphan')
```
ER diagram: rectangles entities, lines relationships, PK/FK mark. Schema = yahi structure.
Tables create: db.create_all() ya migrations. SQLite file SQL viewer se dikha sakte ho.
14

Modals

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleJavaScript browser pe chalta hai — click, validation, Chart.js, Bootstrap modal.
Frameworks: Vue, React, Angular. MAD1 mein vanilla JS / Bootstrap JS kaafi.
Modal: popup overlay. Bootstrap: data-bs-toggle='modal' data-bs-target='#id'.
Flash hide: setTimeout se alert remove. Form submit confirm: onsubmit='return confirm(...)'.
Agar project mein JS kam hai to sach bolo, theory example do.
15

Css changing

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleCSS page ko style karti hai — color, layout, font. HTML structure, CSS look.
h1 { color: navy; } .card { padding: 16px; } #logo { width: 80px; }
Selectors: element (h3), class (.btn), id (#nav), pseudo (:hover).
display:flex — ek line/row mein items, justify-content/align-items se center.
Multiple classes: saari apply, conflict pe specificity/order.
Responsive: media queries / Bootstrap grid. Bina CSS limited (old tables) — practically CSS chahiye.
16
Boostarp5

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleBootstrap CSS/JS framework — ready classes se responsive UI.
```
<button class='btn btn-primary'>Save</button>
```
Red button: btn btn-danger. Navbar, cards, grid (row/col).
CDN: <link href='https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5...'> — internet na ho to style toot sakti hai. Local copy safer viva ke liye.
CSS vs Bootstrap: Bootstrap faster consistent UI, custom CSS fine-control. Dono saath use ho sakte hain.
aria-current='page' accessibility — current nav item screen readers ko.
CDN fayda: cache, quick setup. Nuksaan: offline, privacy, version lock.
17
OOPS

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleOOP = objects + classes. Inheritance child parent ke fields/methods reuse karta hai.
```
class User(db.Model): ...
class Admin(User): ...  # model inheritance (joiner ya single table)
```
Models inherit db.Model se taaki query/columns milen.
```
@staticmethod: self nahi, utility. isinstance(obj, User) type check.
```
MAD1 models classes hain, routes functions — mix of OOP + procedural.
18
No code changes requested

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh MAD-1 viva question tumhare project ke context se linked hai. Short answer is structure se do:
Pehle 1 line definition/purpose, phir tumhare project ka example, phir chhota code/flow.
Typical Flask flowBrowser request → @app.route controller → SQLAlchemy model/DB → Jinja template response.
Auth: session['user_id'] + role check. CRUD: add/commit, query.all, field update, delete.
Live change maange to: related model → route → template, phir browser refresh karke dikhao.
Example (generic create):
obj = Model(name=request.form.get('name'))
```
db.session.add(obj); db.session.commit()
return redirect(url_for('list_view'))
```

See reviews UNKNOWN MAD1 Level 1

Jul 30, 2026

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1
Which ORM are you using? SQLAlchemy

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleORM = Object Relational Mapping. Database tables ko Python classes/objects se map karta hai, raw SQL kam likhni padti hai.
Bina ORM: cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM user WHERE id=?', [5])
ORM se: User.query.get(5) ya db.session.get(User, 5)
Example model
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True)
```
FaydePython mein soch sakte ho, SQL injection se protection (parameterized), relationships easy, DB switch thoda aasan.
Nuksaancomplex queries slow/abstract, seekhne ki layer extra, kabhi raw SQL phir bhi chahiye.
MAD1: SQLAlchemy (Flask-SQLAlchemy). Tables db.create_all() ya migrations se banti hain.
2
What is SQLAlchemy?

Times asked 8
Official solution

SimpleSQLAlchemy Python ka sabse popular ORM hai. MAD1 mein Flask-SQLAlchemy wrapper use hota hai.
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
```
class Book(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    title = db.Column(db.String(80), nullable=False)

Operations: db.session.add(obj), .commit(), .delete(obj), Model.query.all(), .filter_by(), .get_or_404(id).
db.Model ek class hai (function nahi). db object engine + session + metadata hold karta hai.
```
SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS=False extra signals band karta hai, performance warning hatati hai.
3
What is url_for?

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simpleurl_for Flask function/endpoint name se URL generate karta hai, hardcode path nahi.
```
url_for('home') → '/'
url_for('edit_user', id=5) → '/user/5/edit'
Templates: href="{{ url_for('login') }}"
```
Parameter: endpoint ka naam (function name), plus route variables.
Galat naam: BuildError. Route rename karo to url_for automatic naya path dega — yahi fayda hai.
4

What is the difference between request.form.get{ } and request.form[ ] as I used this in my code?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplerequest.form POST body se aata hai, request.args URL query se (?q=flask).
request.form['email'] → key na ho to KeyError (crash)
request.form.get('email') → key na ho to None (safe). Default: request.form.get('q', '')
request.args.get('page', 1) → /search?page=2
Login POST: request.form.get('password')
Search GET: q = request.args.get('q', '')
Hamesha .get() prefer karo viva coding mein — crash nahi hoga.
5

Asked about which join i used in my code

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleJOIN do tables ko related columns se milata hai.
INNER JOIN: dono taraf match. LEFT JOIN: left ki saari rows, right match na ho to NULL.
ORM: User.query.join(Booking).filter(Booking.status=='ok').all() ya user.bookings relationship (lazy join).
Exampleblacklisted company ke drives pe applicants — Application join Drive join Company.
Viva: jo relationship use ki usko 'ORM join' bolo, raw SQL tab jab examiner explicitly SQL maange.
6

Types of join

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleJOIN do tables ko related columns se milata hai.
INNER JOIN: dono taraf match. LEFT JOIN: left ki saari rows, right match na ho to NULL.
ORM: User.query.join(Booking).filter(Booking.status=='ok').all() ya user.bookings relationship (lazy join).
Exampleblacklisted company ke drives pe applicants — Application join Drive join Company.
Viva: jo relationship use ki usko 'ORM join' bolo, raw SQL tab jab examiner explicitly SQL maange.
7

Asked question on session

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleFlask session request-across data store karta hai, generally signed cookie mein.
session['user_id'] = user.id
uid = session.get('user_id')
session.clear() # logout
Type: dictionary-like (SecureCookieSession). SECRET_KEY se sign — tamper detect.
Store kahan: default client cookie. Server-side Redis/filesystem bhi laga sakte ho.
Browser storage: cookies, localStorage, sessionStorage. Session cookie tab-close pe jaa sakti hai.
Remember-me: permanent session ya alag token cookie.
8
What is template inheritance?

Times asked 3
Official solution

Simpleextends poora layout inherit karta hai, include chhota piece insert karta hai.
extends: child page base.html ka structure use karti hai, blocks override karti hai. Ek hi parent.
include: navbar.html / footer.html jahan chaho insert. Kai baar use ho sakta hai.
base.html:
```
{% block content %}{% endblock %}

home.html:
{% extends 'base.html' %}
{% block content %}<h1>Home</h1>{% endblock %}

{% include 'navbar.html' %}  → navbar har page pe
```
Fayda: header/footer ek jagah, change once — saari pages update. MAD1 mein almost har project use karta hai.
9
In search functionality, asked me to search campaigns and then asked me to show the length like how many campaigns are found?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleSearch box GET form, backend query filter, results template mein.
```
q = request.args.get('q', '').strip()
results = Doctor.query.filter(Doctor.name.ilike(f'%{q}%')).all() if q else []
return render_template('search.html', results=results, q=q)
```
Jinja: {{ results|length }} matches. Empty: 'No results'.
JS-only filter: saara data pehle load, client filter — chhote lists. Bada data: server search.
Search generally GET (shareable URL). Count: len(results) ya db.func.count.
10

CSS head, h3, h5, etc.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleCSS page ko style karti hai — color, layout, font. HTML structure, CSS look.
h1 { color: navy; } .card { padding: 16px; } #logo { width: 80px; }
Selectors: element (h3), class (.btn), id (#nav), pseudo (:hover).
display:flex — ek line/row mein items, justify-content/align-items se center.
Multiple classes: saari apply, conflict pe specificity/order.
Responsive: media queries / Bootstrap grid. Bina CSS limited (old tables) — practically CSS chahiye.
11

What if a hacker tries using SQL injections in the flask forms?

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleSQL Injection user input ko SQL bana ke DB hack. ORM/parameterized queries se bachao.
Galat: f"SELECT * FROM user WHERE email='{email}'" # email = ' OR 1=1 --
Sahi: User.query.filter_by(email=email) # bound parameters
Raw: db.session.execute(text('SELECT * FROM user WHERE id=:id'), {'id': i})
Extra: least privilege DB user, input validate, error messages generic.
12

CSRF

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleCSRF = Cross-Site Request Forgery — logged-in user ke browser se attacker site hidden form submit karwati hai.
FixCSRF token hidden field, server verify. Flask-WTF: {{ form.hidden_tag() }}
SameSite cookies bhi help. GET pe destructive action mat rakho.
13
If I change the url_for(home) to home_page, what will happen?

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simpleurl_for Flask function/endpoint name se URL generate karta hai, hardcode path nahi.
```
url_for('home') → '/'
url_for('edit_user', id=5) → '/user/5/edit'
Templates: href="{{ url_for('login') }}"
```
Parameter: endpoint ka naam (function name), plus route variables.
Galat naam: BuildError. Route rename karo to url_for automatic naya path dega — yahi fayda hai.
14

Cascade delete in db

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleCascade parent ke saath child pe automatic action (generally delete).
Company delete → uski drives bhi delete, warna orphan rows / FK error.
SQLAlchemy: db.relationship('Drive', cascade='all, delete-orphan', backref='company')
SQL: ForeignKey(..., ondelete='CASCADE')
Cascade sirf delete nahi: save-update, merge, refresh-expire, expunge, delete-orphan.
Cascade Update: parent PK change to child FK update (rare, PK mat badlo).
Parent delete jab children active hon: constraint error, ya cascade se children gayab, ya pehle children handle karo — design choice examiner poochta hai.
CSS cascading alag topic hai (styles inherit/override).
15

What if I login, then close the tab and reopen it? Will I still be logged in?

Times asked 2

Official solution

Definition style question: 1 line simple Hinglish + project example + mini code.
Template'X ka kaam Y hai. Mere project mein Z jagah use hua.'
Example'Session login state rakhta hai. session[user_id]=u.id login pe, logout pe session.clear().'
Agar topic Vue/Celery/Redis ho aur project mein nahi hai to sach bolo, theory example do.

See reviews Level2_86 MAD1 Level 1

Jul 30, 2026

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1

Asked Demo of the app

Times asked 3

Official solution

SimpleDemo script pehle se practice karo, 5-7 minute, saari roles.
Suggested flow
1) Register/login user 2) Admin login — CRUD 3) Approval/blacklist 4) Booking/apply 5) Search 6) Validation edge (slots 0, duplicate) 7) Logout
Bolte-bolte dikhao: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Code tab kholna jab poochhein.
Crash ho to debug calmly: terminal error, typo, DB path.
Mandatory features skip mat karna — examiner list tick karta hai.
2
Show models and explain

Times asked 2
Official solution

Simplemodels.py har table ki class hai — columns, PK/FK, relationships. Yeh Model layer hai.
Viva mein file khol ke bolo:
1) Kaunsi classes/tables hain (User, Role-specific, Booking...)
2) Har table ka kaam 1 line
3) Relationships: 1-1 / 1-M / M-M, backref, cascade, lazy
4) Constraints: unique email, nullable, default status
Example skeleton
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True, nullable=False)
    role = db.Column(db.String(20), default='user')
    bookings = db.relationship('Booking', backref='user', cascade='all, delete-orphan')
```
ER diagram: rectangles entities, lines relationships, PK/FK mark. Schema = yahi structure.
Tables create: db.create_all() ya migrations. SQLite file SQL viewer se dikha sakte ho.
3
why you are using fs_uniquifier

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleUserMixin Flask-Login ko batata hai user object kaise treat karna hai (is_authenticated, get_id).
```
class User(db.Model, UserMixin):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
```
current_user proxy logged-in user. Initialize: login_user(user) / user_loader callback.
Flask-WTF: Python classes se forms, CSRF, validators. RegisterForm forms.py mein.
fs_uniquifier Flask-Security mein token/session identity — email change pe sessions invalidate.
enctype='multipart/form-data' file upload pe zaroori. request.files.get('resume').
4

How RBAC implemented

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleRBAC = Role-Based Access Control — permission role se (admin/staff/user), har user pe alag nahi.
user.role = 'admin'
if current_user.role != 'admin': abort(403)
Same login page, role ke hisaab dashboard. Multiple roles: roles table Many-to-Many, ya comma field (behtar normalized table).
Unapproved staff: is_approved flag, login pe check.
Flask-Security/UserMixin is_authenticated, is_active, get_id dete hain.
5

Explain redis and how you implemented

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleCelery background tasks (email, CSV, reports) async chalaata hai. Redis broker/queue + cache.
User 'Export' click → Celery task queue → Redis message → worker CSV banaata hai → user baad mein download.
Saath isliye: Celery ko broker chahiye, Redis tez in-memory. MAD2 topic zyada, MAD1 mein optional.
Priority: task queues/routing. Caching: Redis mein key-value, DB hits kam.
Pub/Sub: publisher channel pe message, subscribers sunte hain — Redis yeh bhi karta hai.
6

Explain celery and how you implemented

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleCelery background tasks (email, CSV, reports) async chalaata hai. Redis broker/queue + cache.
User 'Export' click → Celery task queue → Redis message → worker CSV banaata hai → user baad mein download.
Saath isliye: Celery ko broker chahiye, Redis tez in-memory. MAD2 topic zyada, MAD1 mein optional.
Priority: task queues/routing. Caching: Redis mein key-value, DB hits kam.
Pub/Sub: publisher channel pe message, subscribers sunte hain — Redis yeh bhi karta hai.
7

caching

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleCache baar-baar DB/compute na karne ke liye result yaad rakhta hai.
Browser cache, Flask cache, Redis. Example: dashboard counts 30 sec Redis mein.
Cookies alag (client data). HTTP 304 Not Modified bhi cache related.
MAD1 mein optional. Scale poochhe to pehle indexes + cache, phir extra servers.
8

Explain props in vue

Times asked 3

Official solution

SimpleVue.js frontend framework — reactive UI components. MAD2 mein common, MAD1 optional.
Component: reusable UI (Navbar.vue) + data + template.
Props: parent → child data. Child → parent: $emit('update', val).
Slots: parent child ke andar extra HTML daal sakta hai.
Lifecycle: created (data setup), mounted (DOM ready — API call), updated, unmounted.
v-model two-way bind. Vue Router SPA routes (routes.js). Vuex/Pinia global state; mutations sync change, actions async.
Standalone component: khud ke saath compile, parent register kam.
9

Different Lifecycle hooks in vue

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleVue.js frontend framework — reactive UI components. MAD2 mein common, MAD1 optional.
Component: reusable UI (Navbar.vue) + data + template.
Props: parent → child data. Child → parent: $emit('update', val).
Slots: parent child ke andar extra HTML daal sakta hai.
Lifecycle: created (data setup), mounted (DOM ready — API call), updated, unmounted.
v-model two-way bind. Vue Router SPA routes (routes.js). Vuex/Pinia global state; mutations sync change, actions async.
Standalone component: khud ke saath compile, parent register kam.
10

show job Scheduling report

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleCelery background tasks (email, CSV, reports) async chalaata hai. Redis broker/queue + cache.
User 'Export' click → Celery task queue → Redis message → worker CSV banaata hai → user baad mein download.
Saath isliye: Celery ko broker chahiye, Redis tez in-memory. MAD2 topic zyada, MAD1 mein optional.
Priority: task queues/routing. Caching: Redis mein key-value, DB hits kam.
Pub/Sub: publisher channel pe message, subscribers sunte hain — Redis yeh bhi karta hai.
11
no code changes were asked

Times asked 3
Official solution

Yeh MAD-1 viva question tumhare project ke context se linked hai. Short answer is structure se do:
Pehle 1 line definition/purpose, phir tumhare project ka example, phir chhota code/flow.
Typical Flask flowBrowser request → @app.route controller → SQLAlchemy model/DB → Jinja template response.
Auth: session['user_id'] + role check. CRUD: add/commit, query.all, field update, delete.
Live change maange to: related model → route → template, phir browser refresh karke dikhao.
Example (generic create):
obj = Model(name=request.form.get('name'))
```
db.session.add(obj); db.session.commit()
return redirect(url_for('list_view'))
```

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