Search – Lazy IITians Viva Prep

See reviews Level1_106 MAD2 Level 1

Aug 3, 2026

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1

Show Student ID.

Times asked 3

Official solution

SimpleCamera pe college ID — naam photo match. Identity viva ki pehli gate.
Pehle se haath mein, glare nahi. Examiner screenshot. Phir GitHub + portal ZIP run.
Name GitHub/portal se mismatch red flag.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Project example: ID dikhao, bolo roll/name, phir screen share repo.
Viva tipPehle se ID haath mein rakho, glare mat aane do. Examiner screenshot/verify karta hai. Iske baad GitHub + project run.
2
Show GitHub repository and collaborator.

Times asked 5
Official solution

SimpleRepo = evidence tumne kaam kiya: commits, collaborators, README.
Regular messages, last-day dump nahi. Private access pehle de do. Main branch submitted ZIP se match.
Collaborator settings. Commit dates.
Example
```
Settings → Collaborators: apna + teammate (agar allowed).
Commits: regular messages, last-day dump nahi.
```
Project example: Settings → Collaborators. git log --oneline. README run steps.
Viva tipPrivate repo access de do pehle. Main branch latest submitted ZIP se match honi chahiye.
3

Demonstrate the complete application.

Times asked 33

Official solution

SimpleDemo 5–7 min ki kahani: saari roles, koi milestone skip nahi, bolte-bolte dikhao.
Examiner list tick karta hai. Crash ho to panic nahi — terminal error padho.
Code tab kholna jab poochhein. Extra uncommitted features mat dikhana agar portal ZIP mein nahi.
Suggested flow1) Register/login user
2) Admin login — CRUD
3) Approval/blacklist
4) Booking/apply + edge case
5) Search + charts
6) CSV export / email job
7) Logout
Project example: Jo statement/parking/jobs/tickets hai uske user+admin journeys.
Viva tipBol: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Mandatory features pehle, polish baad.
4

Where have you used APIs in your project?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleUngli rakhe to 4-line formula — panic ki jagah structure.
1) File ka role: model / Flask route / Vue SFC / celery task / config
2) Input kahan: JSON, params, token, props, $route
3) Kya kaam: query, cache, validation, .delay()
4) Output: jsonify, this.items, email, redirect
Unknown keyword: import, decorator, if, commit — har ka reason. Bluff mat.
Suggested flow1) Kaunsi layer?
2) Input?
3) DB/cache/task?
4) Response/UI?
Project example: Booking POST: jwt, seats check, commit, 201, Vue list push.
Viva tipUnknown keyword: import, decorator, if, commit — har ka reason. Panic mat.
5

Where is Vue implemented?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplefrontend/src or templates/index.html CDN + app.js. Entry main.js #app.
Where Vue implemented.
SPA = ek HTML, Vue Router se views, full reload nahi. MPA = MAD1 Jinja har URL naya HTML.
Vue Router: routes array, router-view, router-link, meta.auth + beforeEach guard. Dynamic /venues/:id → $route.params.id.
Vite/CLI SFC + npm build dist/. CDN script tag, no SFC. Jo tumne use kiya wahi justify. Flask send_from_directory('dist') production pattern.
Project example: Open folder.
Project example: Open folder.
6

Where is JWT token authentication implemented?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleLogin token create. Decorators protected APIs. JWT/Security init factory.
Where JWT authentication implemented backend. Show auth code.
Authentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password hash check. Success pe JWT/session. Galat credentials = 401.
Authorization: uske baad role. Admin hi venue/lot delete kare, student nahi = 403 (logged in ho, allowed nahi).
MAD2: POST /api/login = authentication. @jwt_required identity. @roles_required('admin') ya Vue v-if="isAdmin" = authorization. Frontend hide sirf UX — asli deny backend pe.
Validation alag: form sahi bhara (email format, age 18+). Woh identity prove nahi karta. Password store hash (Werkzeug), JWT payload padha ja sakta hai isliye secret mat daalo.
Project example: auth.py + decorators.
7
Where is Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) implemented?

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleRBAC = role ka badge. Admin badge se delete, user badge se sirf book.
Role-Based Access Control. Har user pe alag permission list nahi — roles.
Models: User M-M Role association. Decorators @roles_required. Vue v-if + router meta.
Frontend hide UX. Backend 403 real security.
Example
```
if current_user.roles[0].name != 'admin':
    return jsonify(msg='Forbidden'), 403
```
Project example: roles_users table. admin stats API roles_required. User booking POST user role.
Viva tipCode mein roles_required, Vue meta.role, models User↔Role many-to-many (roles_users table).
8

Explain the frontend technology used in your project.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleVue SPA, Bootstrap/CSS, Chart.js, fetch/Axios, Vue Router, maybe Vuex.
What used for frontend. Which framework.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Don't forget router.
Project example: Don't forget router.
9
What is Redis?

Times asked 21
Official solution

SimpleRedis fridge pe sticky note hai — poori kitchen (database) kholne ki zarurat nahi.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai. Data RAM mein rehta hai, isliye disk wale SQLite/Postgres se kai guna tez.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam karta hai:
1) Cache — same venue/show/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se mat nikaalo.
2) Celery message broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis band ho to cache miss ho jaata hai aur Celery queue ruk sakti hai. Crash pe cache gayab ho sakta hai — isliye important data sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Example
```
import redis
r = redis.Redis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)
r.set('venues', json.dumps(data), ex=30)
print(r.get('venues'))
```
Project example: GET /api/venues pehle Redis dekho. Miss pe SQLAlchemy query, phir SET with timeout. Celery worker Redis list se daily reminder uthata hai.
Viva tipCache ke liye db=1, broker ke liye db=0 rakhna smart hai taaki keys mix na hon. Viva mein redis-cli ping → PONG dikhana strong hai.
10

Where have you implemented caching?

Times asked 7

Official solution

SimpleGET lists/stats @cache.cached. Mutations pe delete. CACHE_TYPE Redis.
Why each route: public repeated reads. User-private careful.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai — fridge pe sticky note, poori kitchen (SQL database) har baar mat kholo.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam: (1) cache — same venues/shows/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se nahi (2) Celery broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Flow: cache.get(key) → hit pe return, miss pe SQLAlchemy + SET with timeout. Admin write ke baad cache.delete, warna stale list.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis crash/band = cache miss (app chalni chahiye) + queue ruk sakti hai. Important bookings sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Alag: Redis ≠ Memcached (Celery broker nahi). Redis ≠ localStorage (woh browser). redis-cli ping → PONG viva proof.
Project example: File+line decorator. redis-cli get key optional.
11
What is caching?

Times asked 23
Official solution

SimpleCache = pehli baar hisaab karke copy rakh lo, doosri baar copy dikha do.
Baar-baar same expensive kaam (DB query, counting bookings) mat karo. Result Redis jaise store mein timeout ke saath rakh do.
Cache hit: key mil gayi, DB skip. Cache miss: DB se lao, SET karo, return karo.
Tradeoff: speed vs stale data. Admin naya venue add kare aur cache 50s ka ho to user purani list dekh sakta hai — isliye write pe invalidation zaroori hai.
Browser cache, Flask-Caching, Redis alag layers hain. MAD2 examiner Redis + @cache.cached code dekhta hai.
Example
```
@cache.cached(timeout=50, query_string=True)
@app.route('/api/shows')
def shows():
    return jsonify([s.serialize() for s in Show.query.all()])
```
Project example: Admin dashboard counts / venues list cache. Create/update/delete ke baad cache.delete('venues').
Viva tipprint('DB queried') function ke andar laga ke miss/hit demo karo — hit pe print nahi chalega.
12

What are the major frameworks used in your project?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleHar lib ek line why — list 40 mat.
Flask, SQLAlchemy, JWT/Security, CORS, Caching+Redis, Celery, Vue+Router, Vuex/Pinia, Axios/fetch, Chart.js, Bootstrap.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: requirements.txt + package.json top 6 open karke bolo.
Viva tipHar lib ek line why: CORS alag origin, Redis tez, Celery async, Chart.js dashboard.
13

Which database are you using?

Times asked 3

Official solution

SimpleSQLite file, zero setup, relational tables/FK. Redis NoSQL cache not primary.
NoSQL examples Mongo, Redis-as-DB. MAD2 models relational.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: sqlite:///app.db. Redis 6379 alag.
14
Which ORM are you using?

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleORM = translator. Python object bolo, woh SQL mein baat kare.
Object Relational Mapper. Class User ↔ table user. Raw SQL kam.
SQLAlchemy MAD1/MAD2. Fayde: portable SQLite→Postgres, relationships, parameterized queries (injection kam).
Nuksaan: N+1, hidden SQL, complex reports pe raw better.
Direct sqlite3 se SQLAlchemy isliye: models, switch DB, safer queries.
Example
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(128), unique=True)
User.query.filter_by(email='a@b.com').first()
```
Project example: models.py db.Model. resources User.query.filter_by. Koi f-string SQL nahi.
Viva tipFayde: safe-ish, portable (SQLite→Postgres). Nuksaan: complex queries, N+1, leaky abstractions. Direct SQLite se SQLAlchemy isliye: models + injection protection + switch DB.
15

Change the navbar order so that Profile appears before Dashboard.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplerouter-link order swap Profile before Dashboard.
That's it. Don't rebuild router.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Navbar.vue template order.
Project example: Navbar.vue template order.
16

Write a REST API that fetches all company details (in Notepad or VS Code).

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleGET all companies serialize. REST API fetch all company details. Notepad or VS Code.
Admin maybe.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Company.query.all()
Project example: Company.query.all()

See reviews appdev_level1_viva33 MAD2 Level 1

Aug 3, 2026

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Copy set link

1

Show Student ID card.

Times asked 3

Official solution

SimpleCamera pe college ID — naam photo match. Identity viva ki pehli gate.
Pehle se haath mein, glare nahi. Examiner screenshot. Phir GitHub + portal ZIP run.
Name GitHub/portal se mismatch red flag.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Project example: ID dikhao, bolo roll/name, phir screen share repo.
Viva tipPehle se ID haath mein rakho, glare mat aane do. Examiner screenshot/verify karta hai. Iske baad GitHub + project run.
2
Show GitHub repository and collaborator.

Times asked 5
Official solution

SimpleRepo = evidence tumne kaam kiya: commits, collaborators, README.
Regular messages, last-day dump nahi. Private access pehle de do. Main branch submitted ZIP se match.
Collaborator settings. Commit dates.
Example
```
Settings → Collaborators: apna + teammate (agar allowed).
Commits: regular messages, last-day dump nahi.
```
Project example: Settings → Collaborators. git log --oneline. README run steps.
Viva tipPrivate repo access de do pehle. Main branch latest submitted ZIP se match honi chahiye.
3

Demonstrate the complete application.

Times asked 33

Official solution

SimpleDemo 5–7 min ki kahani: saari roles, koi milestone skip nahi, bolte-bolte dikhao.
Examiner list tick karta hai. Crash ho to panic nahi — terminal error padho.
Code tab kholna jab poochhein. Extra uncommitted features mat dikhana agar portal ZIP mein nahi.
Suggested flow1) Register/login user
2) Admin login — CRUD
3) Approval/blacklist
4) Booking/apply + edge case
5) Search + charts
6) CSV export / email job
7) Logout
Project example: Jo statement/parking/jobs/tickets hai uske user+admin journeys.
Viva tipBol: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Mandatory features pehle, polish baad.
4
Demonstrate email functionality.

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleSMTP + template + Celery. MailHog inbox dikhao, Gmail nahi chahiye.
Dynamic HTML user name. Live: schedule now.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Example
```
msg = Message(subject='Daily reminder', recipients=[user.email])
msg.html = render_template('reminder.html', user=user)
mail.send(msg)
```
Project example: reminder.html Jinja. tasks send_mail.
Viva tipLive demo ke liye Celery beat crontab current time pe set karo, worker + beat dono chalu rakho.
5
Trigger scheduled Celery jobs live (daily reminder/monthly report).

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleLive jobs: Redis, worker, beat, crontab abhi, logs + email/CSV.
Scheduled vs user-triggered dono dikhao. Missing feature honestly.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Suggested flow1) redis
2) worker
3) beat
4) crontab now
5) logs + MailHog
Example
```
CELERY_BEAT_SCHEDULE = {
  'daily-reminder': {
    'task': 'jobs.daily_reminder',
    'schedule': crontab(hour=18, minute=0),
  },
}
```
Project example: Change schedule current time. MailHog. Export button 202.
6

Explain all API routes (examiner may pick any 3–4).

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simple3–4 routes deep: auth, validation, status, cache? Method body response error.
Login, list, create. Why each.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Open resources, pick examiner's choice.
7

Show where caching is implemented.

Times asked 6

Official solution

SimpleDecorator + Redis ping + invalidation line + miss/hit demo idea.
Kaunsi routes, timeout, key_prefix, query_string. POST pe nahi.
print after set sirf miss. Timeout chhota karke expiry.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai — fridge pe sticky note, poori kitchen (SQL database) har baar mat kholo.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam: (1) cache — same venues/shows/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se nahi (2) Celery broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Flow: cache.get(key) → hit pe return, miss pe SQLAlchemy + SET with timeout. Admin write ke baad cache.delete, warna stale list.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis crash/band = cache miss (app chalni chahiye) + queue ruk sakti hai. Important bookings sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Alag: Redis ≠ Memcached (Celery broker nahi). Redis ≠ localStorage (woh browser). redis-cli ping → PONG viva proof.
Project example: resources list GET cached. create_venue delete key.
8
Explain how cache hits work.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleHit = Redis ke paas jawab already hai. Miss = pehle DB se lana padega.
Hit pe database queried nahi hota — yahi examiner prove karwana chahta hai.
Typical flow:
1) cache.get(key)
2) mila to return (hit)
3) nahi mila to query + cache.set + return (miss)
Timeout ke baad key expire = next request phir miss. cache.clear() sab hataata hai, cache.delete(key) sirf ek route.
Example
```
data = cache.get('venues')
if data:
    return data          # hit
data = Venue.query.all() # miss
cache.set('venues', data, timeout=30)
return data
```
Project example: Pehli GET /api/venues — terminal mein SQL/print. Doosri GET turant — koi DB log nahi.
Viva tipHit pe database queried nahi hota. print() after set sirf miss pe chalega.
9
Explain authentication flow in both frontend and backend line by line.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleLogin JWT LS header. Teen fails: wrong pass 401, no token 401, user→admin URL 403.
Register, login both roles, logout clears token.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Example
```
fetch('/api/venues', {
  headers: { Authorization: 'Bearer ' + localStorage.getItem('token') }
})
```
Project example: Two browsers student+admin.
Viva tipWrong password 401, bina token 401, user URL admin pe 403 — teen cases dikhana strong hai.
10
Explain route protection in Vue Router.

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleGuard darwaza: token nahi to login. Role nahi to 403 page.
beforeEach. Frontend UX. Backend @jwt_required bina guard hack possible — dono layers.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
router.beforeEach((to) => {
  if (to.meta.auth && !localStorage.getItem('token')) return '/login'
})
```
Project example: router.beforeEach token localStorage. Admin routes meta.role.
11
Vue CLI vs Vue CDN — which one did you use and why?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleCDN = Vue script tag se, jaise pen drive. CLI/Vite = poori factory (SFC, npm, bundle).
CDN: no build, chhote apps, exam PC pe Node nahi to bhi chal. Weak: no .vue compile, 3rd-party cache, scale/team.
CLI/Vite: Single File Components, env, code-split, production dist/. Scalable.
Examiner 'which + why' — jo use kiya wahi justify, doosra naam rato mat.
Example
```

<script src="https://unpkg.com/vue@3/dist/vue.global.js"></script>

# Vite
npm run dev
npm run build
```
Project example: CDN: index.html unpkg vue. CLI: package.json, npm run serve / vite.
Viva tipCDN scalable large teams ke liye weak (no SFC compile, caching 3rd party). Examiner 'which + why' poochta hai — jo use kiya wahi justify karo.
12
What is Redis?

Times asked 21
Official solution

SimpleRedis fridge pe sticky note hai — poori kitchen (database) kholne ki zarurat nahi.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai. Data RAM mein rehta hai, isliye disk wale SQLite/Postgres se kai guna tez.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam karta hai:
1) Cache — same venue/show/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se mat nikaalo.
2) Celery message broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis band ho to cache miss ho jaata hai aur Celery queue ruk sakti hai. Crash pe cache gayab ho sakta hai — isliye important data sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Example
```
import redis
r = redis.Redis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)
r.set('venues', json.dumps(data), ex=30)
print(r.get('venues'))
```
Project example: GET /api/venues pehle Redis dekho. Miss pe SQLAlchemy query, phir SET with timeout. Celery worker Redis list se daily reminder uthata hai.
Viva tipCache ke liye db=1, broker ke liye db=0 rakhna smart hai taaki keys mix na hon. Viva mein redis-cli ping → PONG dikhana strong hai.
13

Why is Redis faster than a traditional database?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleFast kyunki RAM + simple commands, joins nahi.
Disk seek milliseconds, RAM microseconds. Redis single-threaded lekin har op chhoti.
Compare: SQLite file lock writes pe. Redis in-memory SET. Persistence RDB/AOF extra, default viva mein RAM.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai — fridge pe sticky note, poori kitchen (SQL database) har baar mat kholo.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam: (1) cache — same venues/shows/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se nahi (2) Celery broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Flow: cache.get(key) → hit pe return, miss pe SQLAlchemy + SET with timeout. Admin write ke baad cache.delete, warna stale list.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis crash/band = cache miss (app chalni chahiye) + queue ruk sakti hai. Important bookings sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Alag: Redis ≠ Memcached (Celery broker nahi). Redis ≠ localStorage (woh browser). redis-cli ping → PONG viva proof.
Project example: Same JSON cache vs query.join — Network timing dikhao.
14
Token-based vs Session-based authentication.

Times asked 4
Official solution

SimpleSession school id card office mein rakha. Token photocopy jo tum har baar dikhate ho.
Session: Set-Cookie, server store, MAD1 Flask-Login. CSRF risk cookies auto-send.
Token/JWT: SPA + alag port Vue/Flask, scale easy, mobile. XSS if localStorage.
MAD2 typically JWT/Flask-Security token. httpOnly cookie safer lekin CORS+CSRF extra.
Example
```
# session
login_user(user)  # Set-Cookie
# token
return jsonify(token=create_access_token(identity=user.id))
```
Project example: login jsonify token. Vue LS. MAD1 session cookie nahi dikhana unless used.
Viva tipToken localStorage XSS risk; httpOnly cookie safer. Session CSRF risk. MAD2 APIs ke liye JWT/Flask-Security token common.
15
How does authentication work in your application?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleLogin flow pehle poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", token milne ke baad har API pe wohi proof dikhate ho.
Authentication step: Vue form email + password JSON POST karta hai. Flask user dhoondhta hai, check_password_hash se prove karta hai ki tum genuine ho. Galat 401. Sahi pe JWT + role milta hai — yeh session/token hai.
Vue localStorage (ya cookie) mein token rakhta hai, dashboard pe router.push. Aage ki har fetch header: Authorization: Bearer <token>. @jwt_required identity check (authentication). @roles_required('admin') permission check (authorization) — logged in ho, lekin allowed nahi to 403.
Validation alag cheez hai: empty email, password 8+ — form sahi bhara hai ya nahi. Woh identity prove nahi karta.
Logout = client token delete + login page. Server blacklist optional. Password response JSON mein kabhi mat bhejo.
Example
```
# Authentication
@app.route('/api/login', methods=['POST'])
def login():
    u = User.query.filter_by(email=data['email']).first()
    if not u or not check_password_hash(u.password, data['password']):
        return jsonify(msg='bad'), 401
    return jsonify(token=create_access_token(u.id), role=u.role)

# baad ki APIs
# Authorization: Bearer <token>
if current_user.role != 'admin':
    abort(403)
```
Project example: Login.vue POST /api/login → token LS → interceptor. Student token se admin route = 403. Empty form = validation, galat password = 401.
Viva tipNetwork tab mein password body dikhega localhost pe — prod HTTPS. Response mein hash/password echo mat karo.
16
What is caching?

Times asked 23
Official solution

SimpleCache = pehli baar hisaab karke copy rakh lo, doosri baar copy dikha do.
Baar-baar same expensive kaam (DB query, counting bookings) mat karo. Result Redis jaise store mein timeout ke saath rakh do.
Cache hit: key mil gayi, DB skip. Cache miss: DB se lao, SET karo, return karo.
Tradeoff: speed vs stale data. Admin naya venue add kare aur cache 50s ka ho to user purani list dekh sakta hai — isliye write pe invalidation zaroori hai.
Browser cache, Flask-Caching, Redis alag layers hain. MAD2 examiner Redis + @cache.cached code dekhta hai.
Example
```
@cache.cached(timeout=50, query_string=True)
@app.route('/api/shows')
def shows():
    return jsonify([s.serialize() for s in Show.query.all()])
```
Project example: Admin dashboard counts / venues list cache. Create/update/delete ke baad cache.delete('venues').
Viva tipprint('DB queried') function ke andar laga ke miss/hit demo karo — hit pe print nahi chalega.
17
How does cache hit work?

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleHit = Redis ke paas jawab already hai. Miss = pehle DB se lana padega.
Hit pe database queried nahi hota — yahi examiner prove karwana chahta hai.
Typical flow:
1) cache.get(key)
2) mila to return (hit)
3) nahi mila to query + cache.set + return (miss)
Timeout ke baad key expire = next request phir miss. cache.clear() sab hataata hai, cache.delete(key) sirf ek route.
Example
```
data = cache.get('venues')
if data:
    return data          # hit
data = Venue.query.all() # miss
cache.set('venues', data, timeout=30)
return data
```
Project example: Pehli GET /api/venues — terminal mein SQL/print. Doosri GET turant — koi DB log nahi.
Viva tipHit pe database queried nahi hota. print() after set sirf miss pe chalega.
18
Write a Flask route that accepts a role as a URL parameter, queries the database, and returns all users belonging to that role.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleURL /api/users/by-role/<role> filter join Role. Flask route role param all users that role.
Empty list OK.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
@app.route('/api/users/by-role/<role>')
def by_role(role):
    users = User.query.filter(User.roles.any(Role.name==role)).all()
    return jsonify([u.email for u in users])
```
Project example: roles.any.
19

Write a JavaScript function that accepts firstname and lastname and returns the combined full name.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplefunction full(a,b){return a+' '+b}. Write JS firstname lastname combined. Combine first last.
Template string OK.
JS browser ki language. const rebind nahi, let block. Arrow () => this lexical.
Promise: pending/fulfill/reject. async/await usko seedha padhne jaisa. try/catch await pe. Yeh Celery nahi — Celery Python worker.
fetch native AJAX. array.filter/map computed lists. Vue data reactive; plain JS DOM querySelector se manual.
Project example: console.log(full('A','B')).
Project example: console.log(full('A','B')).

See reviews Level1_128 MAD2 Level 1

Aug 3, 2026

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1

Show Student ID.

Times asked 3

Official solution

SimpleCamera pe college ID — naam photo match. Identity viva ki pehli gate.
Pehle se haath mein, glare nahi. Examiner screenshot. Phir GitHub + portal ZIP run.
Name GitHub/portal se mismatch red flag.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Project example: ID dikhao, bolo roll/name, phir screen share repo.
Viva tipPehle se ID haath mein rakho, glare mat aane do. Examiner screenshot/verify karta hai. Iske baad GitHub + project run.
2
Show GitHub collaborator.

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleRepo = evidence tumne kaam kiya: commits, collaborators, README.
Regular messages, last-day dump nahi. Private access pehle de do. Main branch submitted ZIP se match.
Collaborator settings. Commit dates.
Example
```
Settings → Collaborators: apna + teammate (agar allowed).
Commits: regular messages, last-day dump nahi.
```
Project example: Settings → Collaborators. git log --oneline. README run steps.
Viva tipPrivate repo access de do pehle. Main branch latest submitted ZIP se match honi chahiye.
3

Download the project from the portal.

Times asked 4

Official solution

SimpleExaminer wohi ZIP chahta hai jo tumne submit kiya, local extra magic nahi.
Portal download → extract → redis, venv, pip, npm, flask, worker, beat.
Checksum maange to hash. Uncommitted files mat dikhana.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Suggested flow1) ZIP
2) Extract
3) Redis + venv + pip
4) npm/vite
5) flask + celery worker + beat
Project example: Submitted zip run. README commands copy.
Viva tipChecksum maange to hash match karke dikhao. Extra uncommitted files mat dikhana.
4
Run the application and explain the setup (multiple terminals/command prompts).

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleMAD2 orchestra: Redis, Flask, Vue, worker, beat — 5 terminals.
Ports: Flask 5000, Vite 8080/5173, Redis 6379. CORS isliye.
Order: Redis first. Worker bina Redis fail. Beat bina worker queue bharti.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
redis-server
flask run --port 5000
npm run serve
celery -A app.celery worker -l info
celery -A app.celery beat -l info
```
Project example: README local_run. Dikhao 5 processes + browser two roles.
Viva tipPorts batao: Flask 5000, Vite 8080/5173, Redis 6379. CORS isi liye chahiye.
5
Demonstrate authentication flow.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleLogin JWT LS header. Teen fails: wrong pass 401, no token 401, user→admin URL 403.
Register, login both roles, logout clears token.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Example
```
fetch('/api/venues', {
  headers: { Authorization: 'Bearer ' + localStorage.getItem('token') }
})
```
Project example: Two browsers student+admin.
Viva tipWrong password 401, bina token 401, user URL admin pe 403 — teen cases dikhana strong hai.
6

Create and approve a company/staff.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDemo 5–7 min ki kahani: saari roles, koi milestone skip nahi, bolte-bolte dikhao.
Examiner list tick karta hai. Crash ho to panic nahi — terminal error padho.
Code tab kholna jab poochhein. Extra uncommitted features mat dikhana agar portal ZIP mein nahi.
Suggested flow1) Register/login user
2) Admin login — CRUD
3) Approval/blacklist
4) Booking/apply + edge case
5) Search + charts
6) CSV export / email job
7) Logout
Project example: Jo statement/parking/jobs/tickets hai uske user+admin journeys.
Viva tipBol: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Mandatory features pehle, polish baad.
7

Create two staff members and approve them.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDemo 5–7 min ki kahani: saari roles, koi milestone skip nahi, bolte-bolte dikhao.
Examiner list tick karta hai. Crash ho to panic nahi — terminal error padho.
Code tab kholna jab poochhein. Extra uncommitted features mat dikhana agar portal ZIP mein nahi.
Suggested flow1) Register/login user
2) Admin login — CRUD
3) Approval/blacklist
4) Booking/apply + edge case
5) Search + charts
6) CSV export / email job
7) Logout
Project example: Jo statement/parking/jobs/tickets hai uske user+admin journeys.
Viva tipBol: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Mandatory features pehle, polish baad.
8

Blacklist one staff member and verify that login is blocked.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simpleactive=False, login attempt fail demo.
Blacklist one staff verify blocked.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Admin UI + login.
Project example: Admin UI + login.
9

Show where the blacklist logic is implemented.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleFlag + login reject. Where implemented approval/blacklist.
Demo blacklist staff login fail.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Project example: User.active.
10
Show the admin CSV export feature.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleClick → Celery → worker CSV → email/download. Columns verify.
csv module. Auth required. Don't freeze UI — 202 + poll.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Example
```
@celery.task
def export_venues_csv(user_id):
    rows = Venue.query.all()
    # csv.writer, mail.send
    return 'ok'
```
Project example: Admin export venues. MailHog attach ya file open.
Viva tipNetwork tab mein job trigger API dikhao, phir MailHog/file open karke columns verify karo.
11

Demonstrate Celery export functionality.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplecsv celery trigger. Explain export theatres CSV which library. Show CSV export open file.
csv module standard.
Celery Python ka distributed task queue — HTTP request ko 10s email/CSV ke liye mat rokna.
Flow: Flask .delay() → Redis broker → Worker execute. Beat alag process hai (clock): crontab padhke due time pe queue mein daalta hai. Beat khud mail nahi bhejta; Worker haath hai.
MAD2 typical: daily reminder (Beat), monthly report (Beat), user Export CSV (button, Beat nahi). JS async/await browser event loop hai, Celery server-side process — mix mat karo.
Demo: tin terminals — redis-server, celery worker, celery beat — plus Flask. MailHog :8025 inbox. Result backend se task SUCCESS poll optional.
Project example: export task + sample file.
12
Demonstrate scheduled email functionality by changing the Celery schedule to the current time.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleSMTP + template + Celery. MailHog inbox dikhao, Gmail nahi chahiye.
Dynamic HTML user name. Live: schedule now.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Example
```
msg = Message(subject='Daily reminder', recipients=[user.email])
msg.html = render_template('reminder.html', user=user)
mail.send(msg)
```
Project example: reminder.html Jinja. tasks send_mail.
Viva tipLive demo ke liye Celery beat crontab current time pe set karo, worker + beat dono chalu rakho.
13

Book an appointment/reservation and verify edge cases (same slot, approvals, etc.).

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleSame slot twice 400. Two users race. Approval workflow. Book appointment verify edges.
Demo fail then success.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: book route checks.
Project example: book route checks.
14

Check whether totals/counts include only approved records or all records, and modify the logic if required.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplequery.filter_by(status='approved').count() pending exclude. Modify if required all records.
Dashboard number change dikhao.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: admin summary API.
15

Show where authentication is implemented in the backend.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplelogin.vue + backend login + decorator + LS. Show login/authentication code.
Show where authentication backend.
Authentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password hash check. Success pe JWT/session. Galat credentials = 401.
Authorization: uske baad role. Admin hi venue/lot delete kare, student nahi = 403 (logged in ho, allowed nahi).
MAD2: POST /api/login = authentication. @jwt_required identity. @roles_required('admin') ya Vue v-if="isAdmin" = authorization. Frontend hide sirf UX — asli deny backend pe.
Validation alag: form sahi bhara (email format, age 18+). Woh identity prove nahi karta. Password store hash (Werkzeug), JWT payload padha ja sakta hai isliye secret mat daalo.
Project example: 4 files.
16

Show where tokens are generated.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleLogin/register success return create_access_token. Show generated token Network + LS.
Where tokens generated.
Authentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password hash check. Success pe JWT/session. Galat credentials = 401.
Authorization: uske baad role. Admin hi venue/lot delete kare, student nahi = 403 (logged in ho, allowed nahi).
MAD2: POST /api/login = authentication. @jwt_required identity. @roles_required('admin') ya Vue v-if="isAdmin" = authorization. Frontend hide sirf UX — asli deny backend pe.
Validation alag: form sahi bhara (email format, age 18+). Woh identity prove nahi karta. Password store hash (Werkzeug), JWT payload padha ja sakta hai isliye secret mat daalo.
Project example: login response.
17

Show where tokens are sent from the frontend.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleNetwork request Headers Authorization Bearer. Where sent from frontend.
Show tokens sent.
Authentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password hash check. Success pe JWT/session. Galat credentials = 401.
Authorization: uske baad role. Admin hi venue/lot delete kare, student nahi = 403 (logged in ho, allowed nahi).
MAD2: POST /api/login = authentication. @jwt_required identity. @roles_required('admin') ya Vue v-if="isAdmin" = authorization. Frontend hide sirf UX — asli deny backend pe.
Validation alag: form sahi bhara (email format, age 18+). Woh identity prove nahi karta. Password store hash (Werkzeug), JWT payload padha ja sakta hai isliye secret mat daalo.
Project example: GET /api/venues headers.
18

Show where caching is implemented.

Times asked 6

Official solution

SimpleDecorator + Redis ping + invalidation line + miss/hit demo idea.
Kaunsi routes, timeout, key_prefix, query_string. POST pe nahi.
print after set sirf miss. Timeout chhota karke expiry.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai — fridge pe sticky note, poori kitchen (SQL database) har baar mat kholo.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam: (1) cache — same venues/shows/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se nahi (2) Celery broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Flow: cache.get(key) → hit pe return, miss pe SQLAlchemy + SET with timeout. Admin write ke baad cache.delete, warna stale list.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis crash/band = cache miss (app chalni chahiye) + queue ruk sakti hai. Important bookings sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Alag: Redis ≠ Memcached (Celery broker nahi). Redis ≠ localStorage (woh browser). redis-cli ping → PONG viva proof.
Project example: resources list GET cached. create_venue delete key.
19
Add a print() statement after cache.set() and explain why it executes only on the first request (cache miss) and not on subsequent requests (cache hit).

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleHit = Redis ke paas jawab already hai. Miss = pehle DB se lana padega.
Hit pe database queried nahi hota — yahi examiner prove karwana chahta hai.
Typical flow:
1) cache.get(key)
2) mila to return (hit)
3) nahi mila to query + cache.set + return (miss)
Timeout ke baad key expire = next request phir miss. cache.clear() sab hataata hai, cache.delete(key) sirf ek route.
Example
```
data = cache.get('venues')
if data:
    return data          # hit
data = Venue.query.all() # miss
cache.set('venues', data, timeout=30)
return data
```
Project example: Pehli GET /api/venues — terminal mein SQL/print. Doosri GET turant — koi DB log nahi.
Viva tipHit pe database queried nahi hota. print() after set sirf miss pe chalega.
20

Explain a random line from models.py.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleRandom line: Column type nullable FK relationship. 1 sentence each keyword. Explain random line models.py.
Stay calm.
ORM objects ko tables se map karta hai — raw SQL kam. SQLAlchemy MAD2 default.
class User(db.Model) + Column + relationship. query.filter_by / db.session.get. Fayda: portable SQLite→Postgres, injection se safer. Nuksaan: N+1, complex SQL.
SQLite file, zero server — course friendly. Postgres scale. Relationships: FK, backref, lazy/joinedload, cascade on delete. Constraints unique/not null integrity.
Bookings source of truth DB, Redis cache copy.
Project example: Don't skip imports either — db.Model.
21

Show where the blacklist/approval logic is implemented.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleFlag + login reject. Where implemented approval/blacklist.
Demo blacklist staff login fail.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Project example: User.active.
22
Session-based vs Token-based authentication.

Times asked 3
Official solution

SimpleSession school id card office mein rakha. Token photocopy jo tum har baar dikhate ho.
Session: Set-Cookie, server store, MAD1 Flask-Login. CSRF risk cookies auto-send.
Token/JWT: SPA + alag port Vue/Flask, scale easy, mobile. XSS if localStorage.
MAD2 typically JWT/Flask-Security token. httpOnly cookie safer lekin CORS+CSRF extra.
Example
```
# session
login_user(user)  # Set-Cookie
# token
return jsonify(token=create_access_token(identity=user.id))
```
Project example: login jsonify token. Vue LS. MAD1 session cookie nahi dikhana unless used.
Viva tipToken localStorage XSS risk; httpOnly cookie safer. Session CSRF risk. MAD2 APIs ke liye JWT/Flask-Security token common.
23
JWT

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleJWT teen tukde ki signed chitthi: header.payload.signature. Padhi ja sakti hai, badli nahi ja sakti.
Encoded (Base64) + signed, encrypted nahi (JWE alag). Payload mein password mat daalo — koi jwt.io pe dekh lega.
Login pe server secret se HMAC (HS256). Har API Authorization: Bearer <token>.
Expiry exp. Change payload → signature fail → 401.
Session MAD1 server yaad rakhta. JWT MAD2 client rakhta, server stateless-ish.
Example
```
eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.{"sub":1,"role":"admin"}.signature
# Authorization: Bearer <token>
```
Project example: POST /login → token LS. fetch interceptor header. @jwt_required APIs.
Viva tipAlgo HS256. Secret env var. jwt.io pe payload dikhao, secret public site pe mat paste.
24

Flow of token-based authentication.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleHar request pe token dikhao. Server session yaad nahi rakhta (mostly).
Login issue, store, send, verify, exp. Logout = client delete (+ server blacklist optional).
Authentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password hash check. Success pe JWT/session. Galat credentials = 401.
Authorization: uske baad role. Admin hi venue/lot delete kare, student nahi = 403 (logged in ho, allowed nahi).
MAD2: POST /api/login = authentication. @jwt_required identity. @roles_required('admin') ya Vue v-if="isAdmin" = authorization. Frontend hide sirf UX — asli deny backend pe.
Validation alag: form sahi bhara (email format, age 18+). Woh identity prove nahi karta. Password store hash (Werkzeug), JWT payload padha ja sakta hai isliye secret mat daalo.
Project example: Bearer header. 401 pe redirect login.
25
Authentication vs Authorization.

Times asked 10
Official solution

SimpleAuthentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password check karke prove karte ho ki tum genuine user ho. Success pe session/token milta hai.
Authorization: uske baad role check. Admin hi parking lot / venue / drive delete kar sakta hai, normal user nahi.
MAD2 mein yeh alag layers hain: login API = authentication (JWT milta hai). @roles_required('admin') ya Vue v-if="isAdmin" = authorization.
Validation alag cheez hai (form sahi bhara hai ya nahi, jaise age 18+). Authentication identity hai, authorization permission, validation input quality.
Example
```
# Authentication
if user and check_password_hash(user.password, form_password):
    token = create_access_token(identity=user.id)

# Authorization
if current_user.role != 'admin':
    abort(403)  # logged in ho, lekin allowed nahi
```
Project example: Student login = authentication. Student admin dashboard nahi khol sakta = authorization. Frontend button hide sirf UX hai — asli check backend pe hona chahiye.
Viva tip401 = not logged in / bad token. 403 = logged in, role galat. Examiner yeh difference bahut poochta hai.
26
What is caching?

Times asked 23
Official solution

SimpleCache = pehli baar hisaab karke copy rakh lo, doosri baar copy dikha do.
Baar-baar same expensive kaam (DB query, counting bookings) mat karo. Result Redis jaise store mein timeout ke saath rakh do.
Cache hit: key mil gayi, DB skip. Cache miss: DB se lao, SET karo, return karo.
Tradeoff: speed vs stale data. Admin naya venue add kare aur cache 50s ka ho to user purani list dekh sakta hai — isliye write pe invalidation zaroori hai.
Browser cache, Flask-Caching, Redis alag layers hain. MAD2 examiner Redis + @cache.cached code dekhta hai.
Example
```
@cache.cached(timeout=50, query_string=True)
@app.route('/api/shows')
def shows():
    return jsonify([s.serialize() for s in Show.query.all()])
```
Project example: Admin dashboard counts / venues list cache. Create/update/delete ke baad cache.delete('venues').
Viva tipprint('DB queried') function ke andar laga ke miss/hit demo karo — hit pe print nahi chalega.
27
How does cache hit work?

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleHit = Redis ke paas jawab already hai. Miss = pehle DB se lana padega.
Hit pe database queried nahi hota — yahi examiner prove karwana chahta hai.
Typical flow:
1) cache.get(key)
2) mila to return (hit)
3) nahi mila to query + cache.set + return (miss)
Timeout ke baad key expire = next request phir miss. cache.clear() sab hataata hai, cache.delete(key) sirf ek route.
Example
```
data = cache.get('venues')
if data:
    return data          # hit
data = Venue.query.all() # miss
cache.set('venues', data, timeout=30)
return data
```
Project example: Pehli GET /api/venues — terminal mein SQL/print. Doosri GET turant — koi DB log nahi.
Viva tipHit pe database queried nahi hota. print() after set sirf miss pe chalega.
28

Does the database get queried on a cache hit?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleNahi — hit pe cached JSON, DB skip if you cached the query result.
Unless another code path. print proof.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: SQL echo off on second GET.
Project example: SQL echo off on second GET.
29
What is Redis?

Times asked 21
Official solution

SimpleRedis fridge pe sticky note hai — poori kitchen (database) kholne ki zarurat nahi.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai. Data RAM mein rehta hai, isliye disk wale SQLite/Postgres se kai guna tez.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam karta hai:
1) Cache — same venue/show/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se mat nikaalo.
2) Celery message broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis band ho to cache miss ho jaata hai aur Celery queue ruk sakti hai. Crash pe cache gayab ho sakta hai — isliye important data sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Example
```
import redis
r = redis.Redis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)
r.set('venues', json.dumps(data), ex=30)
print(r.get('venues'))
```
Project example: GET /api/venues pehle Redis dekho. Miss pe SQLAlchemy query, phir SET with timeout. Celery worker Redis list se daily reminder uthata hai.
Viva tipCache ke liye db=1, broker ke liye db=0 rakhna smart hai taaki keys mix na hon. Viva mein redis-cli ping → PONG dikhana strong hai.
30
What is Celery?

Times asked 19
Official solution

SimpleCelery = background naukri. HTTP request ko 10 second email bhejne ke liye mat rokna.
Distributed task queue: aap function ko abhi nahi, worker process mein later/retry/schedule pe chalaate ho.
MAD2 typical jobs: daily reminder mail, monthly HTML report, user-triggered CSV export.
Web request 200ms hona chahiye. 10,000 emails request thread mein = timeout. Worker alag CPU pe kaam kare.
Redis broker chahiye. Beat alag process schedule ke liye.
Example
```
@celery.task
def daily_reminder():
    for u in User.query.filter_by(active=True):
        send_mail(u.email, 'Book something today!')
```
Project example: User Export click → 202 Accepted. Worker CSV + email. Daily 6pm Beat reminder.
Viva tipWorker + Redis bina Beat ke user-triggered chalega. Scheduled jobs ke liye Beat bhi chahiye.
31
How have you implemented Celery?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleCelery instance, broker URL, @celery.task, worker command, Beat schedule.
DB use karte waqt with app.app_context():. .delay() JSON-serializable args.
Examiner files: celery.py / tasks.py / config beat dict / README commands.
Celery Python ka distributed task queue — HTTP request ko 10s email/CSV ke liye mat rokna.
Flow: Flask .delay() → Redis broker → Worker execute. Beat alag process hai (clock): crontab padhke due time pe queue mein daalta hai. Beat khud mail nahi bhejta; Worker haath hai.
MAD2 typical: daily reminder (Beat), monthly report (Beat), user Export CSV (button, Beat nahi). JS async/await browser event loop hai, Celery server-side process — mix mat karo.
Demo: tin terminals — redis-server, celery worker, celery beat — plus Flask. MailHog :8025 inbox. Result backend se task SUCCESS poll optional.
Example
```
celery = Celery(__name__, broker='redis://localhost:6379/0')
@celery.task
def ping():
    return 'ok'
```
Project example: jobs.py daily_reminder, monthly_report, export_csv. config.py broker.
32
Vue Lifecycle Hooks.

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleLifecycle = component ki zindagi ke stages. API call tab jab DOM ready ho — mounted.
created: instance bani, this data, DOM nahi. mounted/onMounted: page pe aa gaya — fetch, Chart.js, setInterval.
updated: data change ke baad. unmounted: cleanup (clearInterval) warna memory leak.
Dashboards onMounted isliye: canvas/API tab valid. created mein $el nahi.
Composition: onMounted(() => {}) setup ke andar.
Example
```
export default {
  async mounted() {
    const r = await fetch('/api/venues')
    this.venues = await r.json()
  }
}
```
Project example: Venues.vue mounted fetch list. Clock component unmounted pe interval clear.
Viva tipcreated: data setup, DOM nahi. mounted/onMounted: $el mil gaya — fetch yahi. Dashboards isliye onMounted use karti hain.
33
What is a Promise?

Times asked 4
Official solution

SimplePromise IOU hai: abhi nahi, baad mein value ya error.
States: pending, fulfilled, rejected. fetch() promise return. then/catch/finally.
async function hamesha Promise return. await usko unwrap. Galat: await without async; missing await to Promise object milta data nahi.
JS browser ki language. const rebind nahi, let block. Arrow () => this lexical.
Promise: pending/fulfill/reject. async/await usko seedha padhne jaisa. try/catch await pe. Yeh Celery nahi — Celery Python worker.
fetch native AJAX. array.filter/map computed lists. Vue data reactive; plain JS DOM querySelector se manual.
Example
```
fetch('/api/hello')
  .then(r => r.json())
  .then(d => console.log(d))
  .catch(err => console.error(err))
```
Project example: fetch venues .then json. Ya async mounted await.
34

What is an Async function?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simpleasync hamesha Promise. return 1 → Promise.resolve(1).
What async returns. Incorrect use SyntaxError or unresolved promise.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: async mounted.
Project example: async mounted.
35
Vue CLI vs Vue CDN.

Times asked 6
Official solution

SimpleCDN = Vue script tag se, jaise pen drive. CLI/Vite = poori factory (SFC, npm, bundle).
CDN: no build, chhote apps, exam PC pe Node nahi to bhi chal. Weak: no .vue compile, 3rd-party cache, scale/team.
CLI/Vite: Single File Components, env, code-split, production dist/. Scalable.
Examiner 'which + why' — jo use kiya wahi justify, doosra naam rato mat.
Example
```

<script src="https://unpkg.com/vue@3/dist/vue.global.js"></script>

# Vite
npm run dev
npm run build
```
Project example: CDN: index.html unpkg vue. CLI: package.json, npm run serve / vite.
Viva tipCDN scalable large teams ke liye weak (no SFC compile, caching 3rd party). Examiner 'which + why' poochta hai — jo use kiya wahi justify karo.
36

What is Lazy Loading?

Times asked 3

Official solution

SimpleLazy = zarurat pe load. Relationship default extra query. Vue route import() code-split.
lazy='dynamic' query object. noload mat laao. Fast first paint.
ORM objects ko tables se map karta hai — raw SQL kam. SQLAlchemy MAD2 default.
class User(db.Model) + Column + relationship. query.filter_by / db.session.get. Fayda: portable SQLite→Postgres, injection se safer. Nuksaan: N+1, complex SQL.
SQLite file, zero server — course friendly. Postgres scale. Relationships: FK, backref, lazy/joinedload, cascade on delete. Constraints unique/not null integrity.
Bookings source of truth DB, Redis cache copy.
Project example: user.bookings access pe query. Dashboard joinedload instead.
37

What is a Single Page Application (SPA)?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleSPA ek ghar, rooms (routes) ke beech bina poora ghar todo. MPA har room naya ghar (MAD1 Jinja).
Vue Router client navigation. Backend JSON. Back button, shareable URL.
MPA: har click full reload. SPA: first load JS bundle, phir fast.
SPA = ek HTML, Vue Router se views, full reload nahi. MPA = MAD1 Jinja har URL naya HTML.
Vue Router: routes array, router-view, router-link, meta.auth + beforeEach guard. Dynamic /venues/:id → $route.params.id.
Vite/CLI SFC + npm build dist/. CDN script tag, no SFC. Jo tumne use kiya wahi justify. Flask send_from_directory('dist') production pattern.
Project example: /#/login vs /#/dashboard bina Flask template render.
Viva tipVue Router client-side navigation. Backend sirf JSON APIs deta hai.
38
Difference between filter() and filter_by() in SQLAlchemy.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simplefilter_by kwargs equality. filter expressions >, ilike, joins.
Difference filter and filter_by.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
User.query.filter_by(email='a@b.com').first()
User.query.filter(User.age > 30, User.name.ilike('%ram%')).all()
```
Project example: email filter_by. age>30 filter.
39
Difference between POST and PUT.

Times asked 4
Official solution

SimplePOST naya janam (har baar naya id). PUT poori photo replace. PATCH sticker chipkao.
POST create, not idempotent. PUT full update, idempotent. PATCH partial.
POST ki jagah PUT se REST semantics toot. GET typically no body.
CRUD map: POST create, GET read, PUT/PATCH update, DELETE delete.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
POST /api/venues
PUT  /api/venues/1   {all fields}
PATCH /api/venues/1 {only name}
```
Project example: POST /api/venues create. PUT /venues/1 saari fields. PATCH sirf name.
40
What is a server?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleServer process request sunta Flask. Client browser. Redis bhi server alag purpose. What is a server.
How access without browser: curl Postman httpie.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
curl -H 'Authorization: Bearer TOKEN' http://localhost:5000/api/venues
```
Project example: flask run is dev server.
41
What is a JavaScript function?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleFunction reusable block. First-class. Arrow lexical this, chhote callbacks.
Named vs anon. const f = () => {}.
JS browser ki language. const rebind nahi, let block. Arrow () => this lexical.
Promise: pending/fulfill/reject. async/await usko seedha padhne jaisa. try/catch await pe. Yeh Celery nahi — Celery Python worker.
fetch native AJAX. array.filter/map computed lists. Vue data reactive; plain JS DOM querySelector se manual.
Example
```
function add(a, b) { return a + b }
const cube = n => n ** 3
```
Project example: methods: { book() {} } or setup functions.
42
Change the Celery monthly schedule to the current time.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleSchedule current time / har minute, beat restart, logs + MailHog.
Don't forget worker. Crontab fields. Demo ke baad revert if asked.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Example
```
crontab(hour=17, minute=20)
crontab(minute='*/1')
@celery.task
def add(a, b):
    return a + b
```
Project example: CELERY_BEAT_SCHEDULE edit. Terminal beat 'Sending due task'.
43
Change the color of the form/body/sidebar.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleLive CSS/Vue: sabse chhota change jo dikhe. Logic/API mat todo unless poochhein.
Inspect element se class dhoondo. btn-success, navbar bottom fixed, center flex.
Save, refresh, dikhao. Break mat karo layout poora.
Example
```
<button class="btn btn-success">Login</button>
nav { position: fixed; bottom: 0; width: 100%; }
.wrap { min-height: 100vh; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; }
```
Project example: Jo button/navbar poocha usi file (Navbar.vue / App.vue / css).
Viva tipDevTools se element inspect. Logic/API mat todo unless poochhein.
44
Write a simple Flask route.

Times asked 3
Official solution

Simple@app.route('/ping') jsonify ok. Write simple Flask route. Random Flask route same idea methods list.
Mention GET.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
@app.route('/ping')
def ping():
    return jsonify(ok=True)
```
Project example: Don't forget return.
45
Write a route to fetch all approved applications.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simple
```
Application.query.filter_by(status='approved'). Route fetch approved applications.
```
Admin.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: GET /api/applications?status=approved
Project example: GET /api/applications?status=approved
46

Write a route that returns all occupied parking spots and their users.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplespots occupied join user vehicle. Route occupied parking spots and users.
filter_by status occupied.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Spot.query.filter_by(status='occupied')
47

Write a route that accepts a username and returns the user's role.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleGET user by username return role. Route accepts username returns role.
404 if missing.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: User.query.filter_by(username=).
Project example: User.query.filter_by(username=).
48

Write a route that returns all users with the role admin.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simpleusers with role admin. Route all users role admin.
No hashes.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: roles.any name==admin.
Project example: roles.any name==admin.
49

Write a simple JavaScript function in Notepad.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplefunction + console.log. Run node or browser. Write simple JS function Notepad.
Examiner syntax.
JS browser ki language. const rebind nahi, let block. Arrow () => this lexical.
Promise: pending/fulfill/reject. async/await usko seedha padhne jaisa. try/catch await pe. Yeh Celery nahi — Celery Python worker.
fetch native AJAX. array.filter/map computed lists. Vue data reactive; plain JS DOM querySelector se manual.
Project example: Keep tiny.
Project example: Keep tiny.
50

Change approval-count logic to exclude/include pending entities as required.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplecounts filter status==approved exclude pending. Change include/exclude pending. Check totals approved or all.
func.count query.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: dashboard stats.

See reviews Level2_131 MAD2 Level 1

Aug 3, 2026

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1
Show Student ID and GitHub collaborator.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleRepo = evidence tumne kaam kiya: commits, collaborators, README.
Regular messages, last-day dump nahi. Private access pehle de do. Main branch submitted ZIP se match.
Collaborator settings. Commit dates.
Example
```
Settings → Collaborators: apna + teammate (agar allowed).
Commits: regular messages, last-day dump nahi.
```
Project example: Settings → Collaborators. git log --oneline. README run steps.
Viva tipPrivate repo access de do pehle. Main branch latest submitted ZIP se match honi chahiye.
2

Demonstrate the complete application.

Times asked 33

Official solution

SimpleDemo 5–7 min ki kahani: saari roles, koi milestone skip nahi, bolte-bolte dikhao.
Examiner list tick karta hai. Crash ho to panic nahi — terminal error padho.
Code tab kholna jab poochhein. Extra uncommitted features mat dikhana agar portal ZIP mein nahi.
Suggested flow1) Register/login user
2) Admin login — CRUD
3) Approval/blacklist
4) Booking/apply + edge case
5) Search + charts
6) CSV export / email job
7) Logout
Project example: Jo statement/parking/jobs/tickets hai uske user+admin journeys.
Viva tipBol: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Mandatory features pehle, polish baad.
3

Create 3 parking lots.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleAdmin POST 3 lots loop. Create 3 parking lots. Edit one of lots CRUD.
Form name capacity.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Admin lots.
Project example: Admin lots.
4
Edit one of the lots.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleCRUD 4 operations live: add list edit delete, list refresh.
REST mapping. Related bookings after delete ready answer.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Example
```
POST /api/venues → add
GET /api/venues → list
PUT /api/venues/3 → edit
DELETE /api/venues/3
```
Project example: Admin venues. Postman + UI dono.
Viva tipUpdate ke baad list refresh hoke naya data dikhe. Delete ke baad related bookings kya hoti hain, ready raho.
5
Make 2 reservations for the same lot from the user dashboard.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleCRUD 4 operations live: add list edit delete, list refresh.
REST mapping. Related bookings after delete ready answer.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Example
```
POST /api/venues → add
GET /api/venues → list
PUT /api/venues/3 → edit
DELETE /api/venues/3
```
Project example: Admin venues. Postman + UI dono.
Viva tipUpdate ke baad list refresh hoke naya data dikhe. Delete ke baad related bookings kya hoti hain, ready raho.
6
Show how the summary/dashboard updates after multiple reservations.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleCounts API, bar/pie, booking ke baad number badle.
2 colors live task common.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Example
```
new Chart(ctx, {
  type: 'bar',
  data: { labels: ['Jan','Feb'], datasets: [{ data: [12, 19], backgroundColor: ['#36a','#f80'] }] }
})
```
Project example: Admin dashboard.
Viva tipBooking karke chart update dikhao. Examiner 2 colors maange to backgroundColor array chhota kar do.
7

Register a student/user.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimplePublic register POST hash default role. Register a student/user.
Demo.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Register.vue.
Project example: Register.vue.
8

Log in as both student/user and admin.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleTwo browsers student + admin. Features contrast. Log in as both.
Demo RBAC.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Incognito.
Project example: Incognito.
9

Add a drive (or equivalent admin feature).

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simpleadmin form POST create drive pending. Add a drive admin feature.
CRUD.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Project example: AdminDrives.vue.
10

Apply for the drive.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimplePOST /api/apply {drive_id} unique eligibility. Apply for the drive. Write endpoint apply.
Prevent multiple after selection unique where selected.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Apply button.
11

Explain the code when a frontend error occurs.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleConsole stack Vue warn Network. Fix then retry. Explain code when frontend error occurs.
try/catch.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Reproduce.
Project example: Reproduce.
12

Show where Celery is implemented.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleTask function, beat dict, delay() call, worker+beat terminals, MailHog/CSV.
App context DB. Args serializable. How many jobs: reminder, monthly, export — gino honestly.
Celery Python ka distributed task queue — HTTP request ko 10s email/CSV ke liye mat rokna.
Flow: Flask .delay() → Redis broker → Worker execute. Beat alag process hai (clock): crontab padhke due time pe queue mein daalta hai. Beat khud mail nahi bhejta; Worker haath hai.
MAD2 typical: daily reminder (Beat), monthly report (Beat), user Export CSV (button, Beat nahi). JS async/await browser event loop hai, Celery server-side process — mix mat karo.
Demo: tin terminals — redis-server, celery worker, celery beat — plus Flask. MailHog :8025 inbox. Result backend se task SUCCESS poll optional.
Project example: tasks.py + config schedule + POST export.
13

Change Celery scheduled tasks to run every 1 minute for testing.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleTest ke liye dono jobs crontab(minute='*/1'), demo ke baad wapas original.
Beat restart. MailHog spam ho sakta hai — ek-do mails dikha ke revert.
Examiner scheduling samajh check karta hai, production cron nahi.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Change config, restart beat, worker log Task succeeded, MailHog UI.
14

Show where caching is implemented and explain why each route is cached.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDecorator + Redis ping + invalidation line + miss/hit demo idea.
Kaunsi routes, timeout, key_prefix, query_string. POST pe nahi.
print after set sirf miss. Timeout chhota karke expiry.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai — fridge pe sticky note, poori kitchen (SQL database) har baar mat kholo.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam: (1) cache — same venues/shows/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se nahi (2) Celery broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Flow: cache.get(key) → hit pe return, miss pe SQLAlchemy + SET with timeout. Admin write ke baad cache.delete, warna stale list.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis crash/band = cache miss (app chalni chahiye) + queue ruk sakti hai. Important bookings sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Alag: Redis ≠ Memcached (Celery broker nahi). Redis ≠ localStorage (woh browser). redis-cli ping → PONG viva proof.
Project example: resources list GET cached. create_venue delete key.
15
Explain the Vue Lifecycle.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleLifecycle = component ki zindagi ke stages. API call tab jab DOM ready ho — mounted.
created: instance bani, this data, DOM nahi. mounted/onMounted: page pe aa gaya — fetch, Chart.js, setInterval.
updated: data change ke baad. unmounted: cleanup (clearInterval) warna memory leak.
Dashboards onMounted isliye: canvas/API tab valid. created mein $el nahi.
Composition: onMounted(() => {}) setup ke andar.
Example
```
export default {
  async mounted() {
    const r = await fetch('/api/venues')
    this.venues = await r.json()
  }
}
```
Project example: Venues.vue mounted fetch list. Clock component unmounted pe interval clear.
Viva tipcreated: data setup, DOM nahi. mounted/onMounted: $el mil gaya — fetch yahi. Dashboards isliye onMounted use karti hain.
16
What is a Vue component?

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleComponent Lego block: UI + data. Pages routes, components unke andar.
Bahut files = maintainable Navbar/Footer. Not a bug.
Component = reusable UI block (Navbar, Card). Props parent→child data, emit child→parent event. Slots parent HTML inner content.
computed cache + reactive derive (filtered list). watch side-effect (query change pe API). methods events. ref() primitive, reactive() object. Vuex/Pinia global store; localStorage persist, store nahi.
SFC: template + script + style ek .vue file. Parent-child exam favourite: list parent, row child :item + @delete.
Example
```
app.component('Hello', { template: '<p>Hi {{ name }}</p>', props: ['name'] })
```
Project example: src/components vs views. router uses views.
Viva tipBahut Vue files isliye: har page/feature alag — maintainable. Navbar layout har route pe.
17
What is the basic structure of a Vue component?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleSFC ek .vue file: template + script + style. Reusable scoped CSS.
Pages route-level. Components andar. Vue 2 one root; Vue 3 fragments.
Component = reusable UI block (Navbar, Card). Props parent→child data, emit child→parent event. Slots parent HTML inner content.
computed cache + reactive derive (filtered list). watch side-effect (query change pe API). methods events. ref() primitive, reactive() object. Vuex/Pinia global store; localStorage persist, store nahi.
SFC: template + script + style ek .vue file. Parent-child exam favourite: list parent, row child :item + @delete.
Example
```
<template><div>{{ venue.name }}</div></template>
<script>export default { props: ['venue'] }</script>
<style scoped>.card{padding:8px}</style>
```
Project example: VenueCard.vue props. views/Home.vue page.
18

What goes inside the <template> section?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleHTML + directives {{ }}. Vue2 one root, Vue3 fragments OK.
What goes in template.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: <template> first child.
Project example: <template> first child.
19

What goes inside the <script> section? (e.g., data, methods, computed, lifecycle hooks, etc.)

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplemethods: click handlers, har call run. computed: cached property jaisa.
@click save() method. {{ total }} computed. Mat computed ke andar API.
Component = reusable UI block (Navbar, Card). Props parent→child data, emit child→parent event. Slots parent HTML inner content.
computed cache + reactive derive (filtered list). watch side-effect (query change pe API). methods events. ref() primitive, reactive() object. Vuex/Pinia global store; localStorage persist, store nahi.
SFC: template + script + style ek .vue file. Parent-child exam favourite: list parent, row child :item + @delete.
Project example: book() method POST. canBook computed seats>0 && !already.
20

What goes inside the <style> section?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleCSS scoped or not. Preprocessors optional. Bootstrap extra file.
What goes in style.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: <style scoped>.
Project example: <style scoped>.
21
What is a Watcher?

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simplewatch = 'jab yeh badle tab yeh karo'. Computed nahi, kyunki return value nahi, kaam hai.
deep: true objects. immediate: true first run. Composition watch().
Search, $route.params.id load user.
Component = reusable UI block (Navbar, Card). Props parent→child data, emit child→parent event. Slots parent HTML inner content.
computed cache + reactive derive (filtered list). watch side-effect (query change pe API). methods events. ref() primitive, reactive() object. Vuex/Pinia global store; localStorage persist, store nahi.
SFC: template + script + style ek .vue file. Parent-child exam favourite: list parent, row child :item + @delete.
Example
```
watch(() => route.params.id, (id) => loadUser(id))
```
Project example: watch query debounce 300ms search API. Nahi use to 'computed kaafi'.
22
What is caching?

Times asked 23
Official solution

SimpleCache = pehli baar hisaab karke copy rakh lo, doosri baar copy dikha do.
Baar-baar same expensive kaam (DB query, counting bookings) mat karo. Result Redis jaise store mein timeout ke saath rakh do.
Cache hit: key mil gayi, DB skip. Cache miss: DB se lao, SET karo, return karo.
Tradeoff: speed vs stale data. Admin naya venue add kare aur cache 50s ka ho to user purani list dekh sakta hai — isliye write pe invalidation zaroori hai.
Browser cache, Flask-Caching, Redis alag layers hain. MAD2 examiner Redis + @cache.cached code dekhta hai.
Example
```
@cache.cached(timeout=50, query_string=True)
@app.route('/api/shows')
def shows():
    return jsonify([s.serialize() for s in Show.query.all()])
```
Project example: Admin dashboard counts / venues list cache. Create/update/delete ke baad cache.delete('venues').
Viva tipprint('DB queried') function ke andar laga ke miss/hit demo karo — hit pe print nahi chalega.
23

What problem are we avoiding by using caching?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleJo problem bachate hain: thundering reads + latency.
Bina cache, har page refresh SELECT * FROM show. 1000 users = 1000 identical queries.
Cache se pehli request mehnat karti hai, baaki copy. Nayi problem: stale — isliye timeout + delete on write.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai — fridge pe sticky note, poori kitchen (SQL database) har baar mat kholo.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam: (1) cache — same venues/shows/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se nahi (2) Celery broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Flow: cache.get(key) → hit pe return, miss pe SQLAlchemy + SET with timeout. Admin write ke baad cache.delete, warna stale list.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis crash/band = cache miss (app chalni chahiye) + queue ruk sakti hai. Important bookings sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Alag: Redis ≠ Memcached (Celery broker nahi). Redis ≠ localStorage (woh browser). redis-cli ping → PONG viva proof.
Project example: Home page venues. Pehle slow, cache ke baad Network tab 5ms.
24

Where all have you implemented caching in your project?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleHaan Redis routes X demo hit miss. Nahi: kaise add karte — decorator + redis + invalidation.
Don't lie. Examiner code dekhega.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai — fridge pe sticky note, poori kitchen (SQL database) har baar mat kholo.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam: (1) cache — same venues/shows/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se nahi (2) Celery broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Flow: cache.get(key) → hit pe return, miss pe SQLAlchemy + SET with timeout. Admin write ke baad cache.delete, warna stale list.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis crash/band = cache miss (app chalni chahiye) + queue ruk sakti hai. Important bookings sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Alag: Redis ≠ Memcached (Celery broker nahi). Redis ≠ localStorage (woh browser). redis-cli ping → PONG viva proof.
Project example: If yes open decorator. If no 4-step plan.
25
Explain Role-Based Access Control (RBAC).

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleRBAC = role ka badge. Admin badge se delete, user badge se sirf book.
Role-Based Access Control. Har user pe alag permission list nahi — roles.
Models: User M-M Role association. Decorators @roles_required. Vue v-if + router meta.
Frontend hide UX. Backend 403 real security.
Example
```
if current_user.roles[0].name != 'admin':
    return jsonify(msg='Forbidden'), 403
```
Project example: roles_users table. admin stats API roles_required. User booking POST user role.
Viva tipCode mein roles_required, Vue meta.role, models User↔Role many-to-many (roles_users table).
26

How much AI (%) did you use in your project?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleSach % + kahan + kaise verify + kya seekha. Report se contradict mat.
Boilerplate vs business logic. Examiner process poochta. 'Sab ChatGPT' red flag.
Verify: docs, run, edge case. Seekha: CORS, JWT exp, beat vs worker.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Jo number form/PDF mein hai wahi. Example file jo AI se start kiya, khud debug kiya.
Viva tipExaminer 'kya seekha / kaise check kiya' pe marks. 'Sab ChatGPT' red flag. Jo khud debug kiya woh story ready rakho.
27

Why does your code contain so many comments?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleComments viva help + business rules. Not hide AI. Har line comment mat justify.
Why so many comments.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Overbooking comment OK. Obvious for i in range not.

See reviews LEVEL1_viva14 MAD2 Level 1

Aug 3, 2026

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1

Show Student ID card.

Times asked 3

Official solution

SimpleCamera pe college ID — naam photo match. Identity viva ki pehli gate.
Pehle se haath mein, glare nahi. Examiner screenshot. Phir GitHub + portal ZIP run.
Name GitHub/portal se mismatch red flag.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Project example: ID dikhao, bolo roll/name, phir screen share repo.
Viva tipPehle se ID haath mein rakho, glare mat aane do. Examiner screenshot/verify karta hai. Iske baad GitHub + project run.
2
Show GitHub repository and collaborator.

Times asked 5
Official solution

SimpleRepo = evidence tumne kaam kiya: commits, collaborators, README.
Regular messages, last-day dump nahi. Private access pehle de do. Main branch submitted ZIP se match.
Collaborator settings. Commit dates.
Example
```
Settings → Collaborators: apna + teammate (agar allowed).
Commits: regular messages, last-day dump nahi.
```
Project example: Settings → Collaborators. git log --oneline. README run steps.
Viva tipPrivate repo access de do pehle. Main branch latest submitted ZIP se match honi chahiye.
3

Verify checksum or download the project directly from the portal.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleExaminer wohi ZIP chahta hai jo tumne submit kiya, local extra magic nahi.
Portal download → extract → redis, venv, pip, npm, flask, worker, beat.
Checksum maange to hash. Uncommitted files mat dikhana.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Suggested flow1) ZIP
2) Extract
3) Redis + venv + pip
4) npm/vite
5) flask + celery worker + beat
Project example: Submitted zip run. README commands copy.
Viva tipChecksum maange to hash match karke dikhao. Extra uncommitted files mat dikhana.
4
Run the application.

Times asked 8
Official solution

SimpleMAD2 orchestra: Redis, Flask, Vue, worker, beat — 5 terminals.
Ports: Flask 5000, Vite 8080/5173, Redis 6379. CORS isliye.
Order: Redis first. Worker bina Redis fail. Beat bina worker queue bharti.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
redis-server
flask run --port 5000
npm run serve
celery -A app.celery worker -l info
celery -A app.celery beat -l info
```
Project example: README local_run. Dikhao 5 processes + browser two roles.
Viva tipPorts batao: Flask 5000, Vite 8080/5173, Redis 6379. CORS isi liye chahiye.
5
Demonstrate all CRUD operations.

Times asked 3
Official solution

SimpleCRUD 4 operations live: add list edit delete, list refresh.
REST mapping. Related bookings after delete ready answer.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Example
```
POST /api/venues → add
GET /api/venues → list
PUT /api/venues/3 → edit
DELETE /api/venues/3
```
Project example: Admin venues. Postman + UI dono.
Viva tipUpdate ke baad list refresh hoke naya data dikhe. Delete ke baad related bookings kya hoti hain, ready raho.
6

Show all core features of the application.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDemo 5–7 min ki kahani: saari roles, koi milestone skip nahi, bolte-bolte dikhao.
Examiner list tick karta hai. Crash ho to panic nahi — terminal error padho.
Code tab kholna jab poochhein. Extra uncommitted features mat dikhana agar portal ZIP mein nahi.
Suggested flow1) Register/login user
2) Admin login — CRUD
3) Approval/blacklist
4) Booking/apply + edge case
5) Search + charts
6) CSV export / email job
7) Logout
Project example: Jo statement/parking/jobs/tickets hai uske user+admin journeys.
Viva tipBol: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Mandatory features pehle, polish baad.
7

Show backend jobs (Celery tasks, daily reminders, monthly reports).

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleTask function, beat dict, delay() call, worker+beat terminals, MailHog/CSV.
App context DB. Args serializable. How many jobs: reminder, monthly, export — gino honestly.
Celery Python ka distributed task queue — HTTP request ko 10s email/CSV ke liye mat rokna.
Flow: Flask .delay() → Redis broker → Worker execute. Beat alag process hai (clock): crontab padhke due time pe queue mein daalta hai. Beat khud mail nahi bhejta; Worker haath hai.
MAD2 typical: daily reminder (Beat), monthly report (Beat), user Export CSV (button, Beat nahi). JS async/await browser event loop hai, Celery server-side process — mix mat karo.
Demo: tin terminals — redis-server, celery worker, celery beat — plus Flask. MailHog :8025 inbox. Result backend se task SUCCESS poll optional.
Project example: tasks.py + config schedule + POST export.
8
Show export CSV functionality.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleClick → Celery → worker CSV → email/download. Columns verify.
csv module. Auth required. Don't freeze UI — 202 + poll.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Example
```
@celery.task
def export_venues_csv(user_id):
    rows = Venue.query.all()
    # csv.writer, mail.send
    return 'ok'
```
Project example: Admin export venues. MailHog attach ya file open.
Viva tipNetwork tab mein job trigger API dikhao, phir MailHog/file open karke columns verify karo.
9
Demonstrate search functionality.

Times asked 3
Official solution

SimpleSearch demo cases.
See earlier essay.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Example
```
q = request.args.get('q', '').strip()
items = Venue.query.filter(Venue.name.ilike(f'%{q}%')).all()
return jsonify([v.serialize() for v in items])
```
Project example: UI + API.
Viva tipEmpty search, no-match, case-insensitive (ilike) teen cases dikhao.
10
Show edge cases: A patient/user cannot book the same slot twice. Two users cannot book the same resource at the same time. Blacklisted users cannot access the application.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simpleduplicate booking full seats blacklist past date same slot two users. Examiner favourite.
Pehle fail phir success. Backend validation.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Example
```
if Booking.query.filter_by(user_id=uid, slot_id=sid).first():
    return jsonify(message='Already booked'), 400
```
Project example: List 3 demos.
Viva tipPehle fail case dikhao, phir success. Backend validation dikhana frontend-only se zyada marks.
11

Show any additional features (e.g., user blocking).

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDemo 5–7 min ki kahani: saari roles, koi milestone skip nahi, bolte-bolte dikhao.
Examiner list tick karta hai. Crash ho to panic nahi — terminal error padho.
Code tab kholna jab poochhein. Extra uncommitted features mat dikhana agar portal ZIP mein nahi.
Suggested flow1) Register/login user
2) Admin login — CRUD
3) Approval/blacklist
4) Booking/apply + edge case
5) Search + charts
6) CSV export / email job
7) Logout
Project example: Jo statement/parking/jobs/tickets hai uske user+admin journeys.
Viva tipBol: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Mandatory features pehle, polish baad.
12

Show API routes.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simpleresources.py / @app.route. Postman or comments list.
Where implemented APIs.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Project example: url_prefix /api.
13

Explain 2–3 API endpoints.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimplePick login or list. Method, auth, body, 200/401, serialize.
Don't rush all 20.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: GET venues cached maybe.
Project example: GET venues cached maybe.
14

Test an API using Postman or Thunder Client.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleMethod URL Headers Authorization JSON body. 200/401 bina Vue — backend prove.
Login copy token. Collection. Thunder Client same.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Show 3 requests. Examiner loves this.
15

Show where authentication is implemented.

Times asked 2

Official solution

Simplelogin.vue + backend login + decorator + LS. Show login/authentication code.
Show where authentication backend.
Authentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password hash check. Success pe JWT/session. Galat credentials = 401.
Authorization: uske baad role. Admin hi venue/lot delete kare, student nahi = 403 (logged in ho, allowed nahi).
MAD2: POST /api/login = authentication. @jwt_required identity. @roles_required('admin') ya Vue v-if="isAdmin" = authorization. Frontend hide sirf UX — asli deny backend pe.
Validation alag: form sahi bhara (email format, age 18+). Woh identity prove nahi karta. Password store hash (Werkzeug), JWT payload padha ja sakta hai isliye secret mat daalo.
Project example: 4 files.
16
Show where RBAC (Role-Based Access Control) is implemented.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleRBAC = role ka badge. Admin badge se delete, user badge se sirf book.
Role-Based Access Control. Har user pe alag permission list nahi — roles.
Models: User M-M Role association. Decorators @roles_required. Vue v-if + router meta.
Frontend hide UX. Backend 403 real security.
Example
```
if current_user.roles[0].name != 'admin':
    return jsonify(msg='Forbidden'), 403
```
Project example: roles_users table. admin stats API roles_required. User booking POST user role.
Viva tipCode mein roles_required, Vue meta.role, models User↔Role many-to-many (roles_users table).
17
Show where authentication tokens are generated.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleJWT teen tukde ki signed chitthi: header.payload.signature. Padhi ja sakti hai, badli nahi ja sakti.
Encoded (Base64) + signed, encrypted nahi (JWE alag). Payload mein password mat daalo — koi jwt.io pe dekh lega.
Login pe server secret se HMAC (HS256). Har API Authorization: Bearer <token>.
Expiry exp. Change payload → signature fail → 401.
Session MAD1 server yaad rakhta. JWT MAD2 client rakhta, server stateless-ish.
Example
```
eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.{"sub":1,"role":"admin"}.signature
# Authorization: Bearer <token>
```
Project example: POST /login → token LS. fetch interceptor header. @jwt_required APIs.
Viva tipAlgo HS256. Secret env var. jwt.io pe payload dikhao, secret public site pe mat paste.
18
Show where authentication tokens are stored.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleJWT teen tukde ki signed chitthi: header.payload.signature. Padhi ja sakti hai, badli nahi ja sakti.
Encoded (Base64) + signed, encrypted nahi (JWE alag). Payload mein password mat daalo — koi jwt.io pe dekh lega.
Login pe server secret se HMAC (HS256). Har API Authorization: Bearer <token>.
Expiry exp. Change payload → signature fail → 401.
Session MAD1 server yaad rakhta. JWT MAD2 client rakhta, server stateless-ish.
Example
```
eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.{"sub":1,"role":"admin"}.signature
# Authorization: Bearer <token>
```
Project example: POST /login → token LS. fetch interceptor header. @jwt_required APIs.
Viva tipAlgo HS256. Secret env var. jwt.io pe payload dikhao, secret public site pe mat paste.
19
Show how the admin account is created.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleSeed create_app user_datastore admin. Hash password. Role attach. Static env vs DB.
How admin created. Show code.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
if not User.query.filter_by(email='admin@x.com').first():
    user_datastore.create_user(email='admin@x.com', password=hash_password('Admin@123'))
```
Project example: if not User.query.filter admin: create.
20

Explain the pricing/business logic implementation.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleFormula models/service. hours=ceil(minutes/60)*rate. Examiner change one place.
Explain pricing/business logic. Change pricing calculation live.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: calculate_price().
21
Explain doctor availability / booking validation logic.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleSeats_left check + transaction. Race SELECT FOR UPDATE / unique seat.
qty > available 400. Frontend :max still backend.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
if show.available < qty:
    abort(400)
show.available -= qty
db.session.commit()
```
Project example: available=1, two qty=1 — ek fail.
22

Explain database relationships.

Times asked 4

Official solution

SimpleUngli rakhe to 4-line formula — panic ki jagah structure.
1) File ka role: model / Flask route / Vue SFC / celery task / config
2) Input kahan: JSON, params, token, props, $route
3) Kya kaam: query, cache, validation, .delay()
4) Output: jsonify, this.items, email, redirect
Unknown keyword: import, decorator, if, commit — har ka reason. Bluff mat.
Suggested flow1) Kaunsi layer?
2) Input?
3) DB/cache/task?
4) Response/UI?
Project example: Booking POST: jwt, seats check, commit, 201, Vue list push.
Viva tipUnknown keyword: import, decorator, if, commit — har ka reason. Panic mat.
23
Explain cascade delete (all, delete-orphan).

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleCASCADE = parent gaya to bacche bhi. Restrict = pehle bacche sambhalo.
ON DELETE CASCADE SQL. SQLAlchemy cascade='all, delete-orphan' collection se orphans.
Opposite auto nahi — child delete se parent nahi marata.
Venue delete: bookings restrict (safer viva) ya cascade+cancel policy. Examiner design poochta hai.
ON UPDATE CASCADE PK change — rare. SET NULL, RESTRICT bhi options.
Example
```
shows = db.relationship('Show', cascade='all, delete-orphan', back_populates='venue')
```
Project example: Show belongs Venue delete-orphan. Booking venue pe restrict — 'reassign first'.
Viva tipVenue delete pe bookings: restrict (mat delete) ya cascade+refund policy. Examiner design poochta hai. Cascade UPDATE bhi hota hai (PK change) — rare.
24

Show where caching is implemented.

Times asked 6

Official solution

SimpleDecorator + Redis ping + invalidation line + miss/hit demo idea.
Kaunsi routes, timeout, key_prefix, query_string. POST pe nahi.
print after set sirf miss. Timeout chhota karke expiry.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai — fridge pe sticky note, poori kitchen (SQL database) har baar mat kholo.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam: (1) cache — same venues/shows/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se nahi (2) Celery broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Flow: cache.get(key) → hit pe return, miss pe SQLAlchemy + SET with timeout. Admin write ke baad cache.delete, warna stale list.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis crash/band = cache miss (app chalni chahiye) + queue ruk sakti hai. Important bookings sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Alag: Redis ≠ Memcached (Celery broker nahi). Redis ≠ localStorage (woh browser). redis-cli ping → PONG viva proof.
Project example: resources list GET cached. create_venue delete key.
25

Show cache expiry configuration.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simpletimeout=10, wait, third request phir miss. Restart after change.
Or cache.delete after update faster.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Project example: Decorator timeout chhota temporarily.
26
Authentication vs Authorization.

Times asked 10
Official solution

SimpleAuthentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password check karke prove karte ho ki tum genuine user ho. Success pe session/token milta hai.
Authorization: uske baad role check. Admin hi parking lot / venue / drive delete kar sakta hai, normal user nahi.
MAD2 mein yeh alag layers hain: login API = authentication (JWT milta hai). @roles_required('admin') ya Vue v-if="isAdmin" = authorization.
Validation alag cheez hai (form sahi bhara hai ya nahi, jaise age 18+). Authentication identity hai, authorization permission, validation input quality.
Example
```
# Authentication
if user and check_password_hash(user.password, form_password):
    token = create_access_token(identity=user.id)

# Authorization
if current_user.role != 'admin':
    abort(403)  # logged in ho, lekin allowed nahi
```
Project example: Student login = authentication. Student admin dashboard nahi khol sakta = authorization. Frontend button hide sirf UX hai — asli check backend pe hona chahiye.
Viva tip401 = not logged in / bad token. 403 = logged in, role galat. Examiner yeh difference bahut poochta hai.
27
Token-based vs Session-based authentication.

Times asked 4
Official solution

SimpleSession school id card office mein rakha. Token photocopy jo tum har baar dikhate ho.
Session: Set-Cookie, server store, MAD1 Flask-Login. CSRF risk cookies auto-send.
Token/JWT: SPA + alag port Vue/Flask, scale easy, mobile. XSS if localStorage.
MAD2 typically JWT/Flask-Security token. httpOnly cookie safer lekin CORS+CSRF extra.
Example
```
# session
login_user(user)  # Set-Cookie
# token
return jsonify(token=create_access_token(identity=user.id))
```
Project example: login jsonify token. Vue LS. MAD1 session cookie nahi dikhana unless used.
Viva tipToken localStorage XSS risk; httpOnly cookie safer. Session CSRF risk. MAD2 APIs ke liye JWT/Flask-Security token common.
28

JWT vs Flask-Login.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleFlask-Login session cookies server-rendered. JWT APIs/SPA. Mix carefully.
MAD1 vs MAD2 typical split.
Flask Python micro web framework. Route decorator URL → function. MAD2 mein JSON API: request.get_json(), jsonify, JWT.
WSGI: server (Werkzeug) app ko call. if __name__ == '__main__' sirf direct run. Factory create_app() test/celery ke liye.
Blueprint/resources folders. @app.route vs MethodView. Debug=True viva local, prod nahi. CORS alag port Vue ke liye.
Project example: We used JWT. Login manager nahi unless code has.
29
Where are tokens stored?

Times asked 3
Official solution

SimpleLS / SS / memory / httpOnly cookie. Har request Authorization header.
Logout clear. XSS LS risk. Memory refresh lose.
Authentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password hash check. Success pe JWT/session. Galat credentials = 401.
Authorization: uske baad role. Admin hi venue/lot delete kare, student nahi = 403 (logged in ho, allowed nahi).
MAD2: POST /api/login = authentication. @jwt_required identity. @roles_required('admin') ya Vue v-if="isAdmin" = authorization. Frontend hide sirf UX — asli deny backend pe.
Validation alag: form sahi bhara (email format, age 18+). Woh identity prove nahi karta. Password store hash (Werkzeug), JWT payload padha ja sakta hai isliye secret mat daalo.
Example
```
localStorage.setItem('token', data.token)
localStorage.removeItem('token')
```
Project example: login.vue setItem. interceptor getItem. logout removeItem.
Viva tipSession Storage tab band pe saaf. Cookies expiry + httpOnly. Vuex memory refresh pe gayab — persist alag.
30
What is RBAC?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleRBAC = role ka badge. Admin badge se delete, user badge se sirf book.
Role-Based Access Control. Har user pe alag permission list nahi — roles.
Models: User M-M Role association. Decorators @roles_required. Vue v-if + router meta.
Frontend hide UX. Backend 403 real security.
Example
```
if current_user.roles[0].name != 'admin':
    return jsonify(msg='Forbidden'), 403
```
Project example: roles_users table. admin stats API roles_required. User booking POST user role.
Viva tipCode mein roles_required, Vue meta.role, models User↔Role many-to-many (roles_users table).
31
What is caching?

Times asked 23
Official solution

SimpleCache = pehli baar hisaab karke copy rakh lo, doosri baar copy dikha do.
Baar-baar same expensive kaam (DB query, counting bookings) mat karo. Result Redis jaise store mein timeout ke saath rakh do.
Cache hit: key mil gayi, DB skip. Cache miss: DB se lao, SET karo, return karo.
Tradeoff: speed vs stale data. Admin naya venue add kare aur cache 50s ka ho to user purani list dekh sakta hai — isliye write pe invalidation zaroori hai.
Browser cache, Flask-Caching, Redis alag layers hain. MAD2 examiner Redis + @cache.cached code dekhta hai.
Example
```
@cache.cached(timeout=50, query_string=True)
@app.route('/api/shows')
def shows():
    return jsonify([s.serialize() for s in Show.query.all()])
```
Project example: Admin dashboard counts / venues list cache. Create/update/delete ke baad cache.delete('venues').
Viva tipprint('DB queried') function ke andar laga ke miss/hit demo karo — hit pe print nahi chalega.
32

Why do we use caching?

Times asked 5

Official solution

SimpleCache isliye taaki 100 users same dashboard pe DB ko 100 baar na maror dein.
Problem: repeated reads, slow page, extra load. Cache seconds ke liye snapshot deta hai.
Nahi use karna: har second badalne wala live stock, user-private secret data bina soch ke (key mein user_id hona chahiye).
Memoization caching ka subset hai (function args). HTTP 304 / browser cache alag layer.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai — fridge pe sticky note, poori kitchen (SQL database) har baar mat kholo.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam: (1) cache — same venues/shows/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se nahi (2) Celery broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Flow: cache.get(key) → hit pe return, miss pe SQLAlchemy + SET with timeout. Admin write ke baad cache.delete, warna stale list.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis crash/band = cache miss (app chalni chahiye) + queue ruk sakti hai. Important bookings sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Alag: Redis ≠ Memcached (Celery broker nahi). Redis ≠ localStorage (woh browser). redis-cli ping → PONG viva proof.
Project example: Shows list har user dekhta hai — perfect cache. Booking POST cache nahi — har baar write.
33
What is Redis?

Times asked 21
Official solution

SimpleRedis fridge pe sticky note hai — poori kitchen (database) kholne ki zarurat nahi.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai. Data RAM mein rehta hai, isliye disk wale SQLite/Postgres se kai guna tez.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam karta hai:
1) Cache — same venue/show/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se mat nikaalo.
2) Celery message broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis band ho to cache miss ho jaata hai aur Celery queue ruk sakti hai. Crash pe cache gayab ho sakta hai — isliye important data sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Example
```
import redis
r = redis.Redis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)
r.set('venues', json.dumps(data), ex=30)
print(r.get('venues'))
```
Project example: GET /api/venues pehle Redis dekho. Miss pe SQLAlchemy query, phir SET with timeout. Celery worker Redis list se daily reminder uthata hai.
Viva tipCache ke liye db=1, broker ke liye db=0 rakhna smart hai taaki keys mix na hon. Viva mein redis-cli ping → PONG dikhana strong hai.
34
What happens if Redis is stopped? Will Celery still work?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleRedis box hai, Celery us box se kaam uthane wala worker hai — same cheez nahi.
Redis: store (cache keys) + queue (broker lists).
Celery: Python library jo tasks define karti hai, .delay() se queue mein daalti hai, worker execute karta hai.
Dono localhost pe ho sakte hain. Alag Redis DB index use karo. Redis band = cache miss + Celery stuck.
Example
```
Celery: broker_url='redis://localhost:6379/0'
Cache:  CACHE_REDIS_URL='redis://localhost:6379/1'
```
Project example: export_csv.delay(user_id) Flask se. Worker Redis se task uthata hai, CSV+email. Cache alag keys venues.
Viva tipAgar possible ho to cache db=1, broker db=0 — keys mix nahi hoti.
35
Vue Lifecycle Hooks.

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleLifecycle = component ki zindagi ke stages. API call tab jab DOM ready ho — mounted.
created: instance bani, this data, DOM nahi. mounted/onMounted: page pe aa gaya — fetch, Chart.js, setInterval.
updated: data change ke baad. unmounted: cleanup (clearInterval) warna memory leak.
Dashboards onMounted isliye: canvas/API tab valid. created mein $el nahi.
Composition: onMounted(() => {}) setup ke andar.
Example
```
export default {
  async mounted() {
    const r = await fetch('/api/venues')
    this.venues = await r.json()
  }
}
```
Project example: Venues.vue mounted fetch list. Clock component unmounted pe interval clear.
Viva tipcreated: data setup, DOM nahi. mounted/onMounted: $el mil gaya — fetch yahi. Dashboards isliye onMounted use karti hain.
36
mounted() / onMounted().

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleonMounted = Composition API ka mounted. setup() ke andar call.
Options API: mounted() method. Mix mat. Vue 3 dono chalte.
Lifecycle = component ki zindagi: created (instance, DOM nahi) → mounted/onMounted (DOM ready — fetch, Chart.js yahi) → updated → unmounted (clearInterval).
Dashboard API created mein isliye nahi ki $el/canvas missing ho sakta. Composition API: onMounted(() => {}) setup ke andar. Options: mounted() method. Mix mat.
Examiner 'konsa hook use kiya' — related .vue kholo, line padh ke bolo.
Example
```
import { onMounted, ref } from 'vue'
const items = ref([])
onMounted(async () => {
  items.value = await (await fetch('/api/items')).json()
})
```
Project example: script setup: onMounted(loadStats).
37
Difference between Vue CLI and Vue CDN.

Times asked 5
Official solution

SimpleCDN = Vue script tag se, jaise pen drive. CLI/Vite = poori factory (SFC, npm, bundle).
CDN: no build, chhote apps, exam PC pe Node nahi to bhi chal. Weak: no .vue compile, 3rd-party cache, scale/team.
CLI/Vite: Single File Components, env, code-split, production dist/. Scalable.
Examiner 'which + why' — jo use kiya wahi justify, doosra naam rato mat.
Example
```

<script src="https://unpkg.com/vue@3/dist/vue.global.js"></script>

# Vite
npm run dev
npm run build
```
Project example: CDN: index.html unpkg vue. CLI: package.json, npm run serve / vite.
Viva tipCDN scalable large teams ke liye weak (no SFC compile, caching 3rd party). Examiner 'which + why' poochta hai — jo use kiya wahi justify karo.
38

Which one did you use and why?

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleJo actually use kiya: CDN vs CLI / Vuex vs Pinia / fetch vs Axios — 1 reason + tradeoff.
Examiner vague 'which one' previous question se jodo. Package.json dikhao.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Don't invent unused library.
39

Can CDN be used for scalable applications?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimplePrototype haan, large SFC team nahi. Bundler better scale.
3rd party availability.
SPA = ek HTML, Vue Router se views, full reload nahi. MPA = MAD1 Jinja har URL naya HTML.
Vue Router: routes array, router-view, router-link, meta.auth + beforeEach guard. Dynamic /venues/:id → $route.params.id.
Vite/CLI SFC + npm build dist/. CDN script tag, no SFC. Jo tumne use kiya wahi justify. Flask send_from_directory('dist') production pattern.
Project example: Your choice + one limitation.
Project example: Your choice + one limitation.
40

What is styling used in your project? (Bootstrap/CSS)

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleBootstrap utilities and/or custom.css. Grid responsive. Colors variables.
d-flex container btn navbar. Custom for brand. Chart.js alag.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Inspect a button class. bootstrap CDN or npm.
41

CRUD methods.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleGET POST PUT PATCH DELETE map CRUD. Show 4 Postman calls.
CRUD methods. HTTP methods in one line: GET read POST create PUT replace PATCH patch DELETE delete.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Admin resource.
42
HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE) in one line.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimplePOST naya janam (har baar naya id). PUT poori photo replace. PATCH sticker chipkao.
POST create, not idempotent. PUT full update, idempotent. PATCH partial.
POST ki jagah PUT se REST semantics toot. GET typically no body.
CRUD map: POST create, GET read, PUT/PATCH update, DELETE delete.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
POST /api/venues
PUT  /api/venues/1   {all fields}
PATCH /api/venues/1 {only name}
```
Project example: POST /api/venues create. PUT /venues/1 saari fields. PATCH sirf name.
43
RESTful APIs.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleREST: resource URLs, HTTP verbs, stateless, JSON. /venues/1 not /getVenue?id=1.
Stateless: har request token. Meaningful status. HATEOAS optional course.
HTTP verbs + status REST ki zabaan. GET read, POST create, PUT replace, PATCH partial, DELETE remove. GET typically no body.
Status: 200 OK, 201 created, 202 accepted (Celery task), 400 bad input, 401 no/bad token, 403 role nahi, 404 missing, 409 conflict (double book), 500 server.
AJAX/fetch page reload nahi. SPA poori isi pe. Postman se bina Vue ke API prove karo — examiner pasand.
Example
```
@app.route('/api/venues/<int:id>', methods=['GET', 'PUT', 'DELETE'])
def venue(id):
    v = Venue.query.get_or_404(id)
```
Project example: MethodView/Resource GET POST PUT DELETE.
44

HTTPS headers.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleHTTP postcard (koi padh le). HTTPS envelope (TLS lock).
Same headers, encrypted channel. MITM se password/token bachao. Local viva HTTP OK.
HTTP/1.1 version keep-alive. TCP neeche, TLS security layer, SMTP mail alag.
Browser + API ke beech extra darwaze: CORS origin allow, HTTPS encrypt transit, CSRF cookie-auto-send attack, XSS HTML inject, SQL injection raw query.
MAD2 SPA: Vue :8080 Flask :5000 → Flask-CORS. JWT localStorage XSS se chori ho sakta — v-html user input pe avoid. Password Network tab localhost pe dikhega; prod HTTPS, response mein password echo nahi.
401 unauthenticated, 403 unauthorized, 400 validation. Hash one-way — SHA decrypt nahi hota. Secret key .env, GitHub pe nahi.
Project example: Dev localhost http. Production https:// + cert.
Viva tipProtocols: HTTP/HTTPS app, TCP transport, TLS security, SMTP mail. HTTP/1.1 version — persistent connections.
45

Horizontal vs Vertical Scaling.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleVertical badi machine. Horizontal aur boxes + load balancer. JWT stateless horizontal friendly.
10k users: Postgres, Redis, gunicorn, CDN, pagination, indexes.
Millions: replicas, queue partition, more workers.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Course app vertical enough. Design answer scale-out.
46

AI usage percentage and whether it was mentioned in the report.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleSach % + kahan + kaise verify + kya seekha. Report se contradict mat.
Boilerplate vs business logic. Examiner process poochta. 'Sab ChatGPT' red flag.
Verify: docs, run, edge case. Seekha: CORS, JWT exp, beat vs worker.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Jo number form/PDF mein hai wahi. Example file jo AI se start kiya, khud debug kiya.
Viva tipExaminer 'kya seekha / kaise check kiya' pe marks. 'Sab ChatGPT' red flag. Jo khud debug kiya woh story ready rakho.
47
Display a welcome message after user login.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleLive CSS/Vue: sabse chhota change jo dikhe. Logic/API mat todo unless poochhein.
Inspect element se class dhoondo. btn-success, navbar bottom fixed, center flex.
Save, refresh, dikhao. Break mat karo layout poora.
Example
```
<button class="btn btn-success">Login</button>
nav { position: fixed; bottom: 0; width: 100%; }
.wrap { min-height: 100vh; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; }
```
Project example: Jo button/navbar poocha usi file (Navbar.vue / App.vue / css).
Viva tipDevTools se element inspect. Logic/API mat todo unless poochhein.
48
Implement a loading state in the frontend.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simpleloading flag true while fetch v-if spinner finally false. Implement loading state. Double-click rokna.
UX.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
this.loading = true
try { this.data = await api() } finally { this.loading = false }
```
Project example: this.loading = true try finally false.
49
Write a Vue v-for loop in Notepad.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleComponent + route ya template v-if/v-for/fetch. :key dena.
Clock interval + clear. Add numbers v-model.number. New page routes.js.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Example
```
<input v-model.number="a"><input v-model.number="b">
<p>{{ a + b }}</p>
```
Project example: views/Foo.vue + path. mounted fetch if API.
50

Modify logic so a rejected student/user gets one additional chance.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simpleattempts < 2 allow reapply else 400. Modify rejected student additional chance.
Logic.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Application.attempts.
Project example: Application.attempts.
51

Change pricing calculation (project-specific business logic).

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleFind calculate_price / property. Change formula demo two bookings.
Change pricing calculation.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: One function.
Project example: One function.
52

Explain how to add another validation or edge case (thought process).

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleUngli rakhe to 4-line formula — panic ki jagah structure.
1) File ka role: model / Flask route / Vue SFC / celery task / config
2) Input kahan: JSON, params, token, props, $route
3) Kya kaam: query, cache, validation, .delay()
4) Output: jsonify, this.items, email, redirect
Unknown keyword: import, decorator, if, commit — har ka reason. Bluff mat.
Suggested flow1) Kaunsi layer?
2) Input?
3) DB/cache/task?
4) Response/UI?
Project example: Booking POST: jwt, seats check, commit, 201, Vue list push.
Viva tipUnknown keyword: import, decorator, if, commit — har ka reason. Panic mat.
53

Use YAML/OpenAPI documentation for professional API documentation.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleOpenAPI/Swagger YAML document APIs. Professional plus. Postman also.
YAML/OpenAPI professional documentation.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: If not: would add swagger. If yes show yaml.
54

Prepare for Level 2 with deeper code understanding.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDeeper why query, cache key, JWT exp, beat vs worker. Demo only nahi.
Prepare for L2.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Know every decorator on a route.
Project example: Know every decorator on a route.

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Aug 3, 2026

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1
Demonstrate the complete placement workflow: Create a Company profile and get it approved by the Admin. Log in as the Company and create a Placement Drive. Approve the Placement Drive from the Admin dashboard. Register a Student and apply for the approved Placement Drive.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDemo script pehle se practice karo, 5-7 minute, saari roles.
Suggested flow
1) Register/login user 2) Admin login — CRUD 3) Approval/blacklist 4) Booking/apply 5) Search 6) Validation edge (slots 0, duplicate) 7) Logout
Bolte-bolte dikhao: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Code tab kholna jab poochhein.
Crash ho to debug calmly: terminal error, typo, DB path.
Mandatory features skip mat karna — examiner list tick karta hai.
Community answers

3 replies Browse student answers
hi
Aug 15, 2026 · 17:07

Pinia Vue.js ka state management library hai.
Simple words mein: jab tumhare Vue app ke different components ko same data share karna ho, tab Pinia use karte ho.
### Example
Maan lo tumhare app mein:
Login.vue → user login karta hai
Navbar.vue → user ka naam dikhana hai
Profile.vue → user ki details dikhani hain
Agar har component mein alag-alag data rakho, toh manage karna difficult ho sakta hai.
Pinia ek central store banata hai:
Pinia Store / | \ Login Navbar Profile
Example:
// stores/user.js import { defineStore } from 'pinia' export const useUserStore = defineStore('user', { state: () => ({ name: '', email: '', token: '' }) })
Phir kisi bhi component mein:
const userStore = useUserStore() console.log(userStore.name)
Aur login ke baad:
userStore.name = "Shubham" userStore.token = "abc123"
Ab Navbar, Profile, Dashboard sab same user data access kar sakte hain.
### Ek line mein
> Pinia = Vue application ka central data/state store, jisse multiple components ke beech data easily share aur manage kar sakte hain.
Tumhare Vue + Flask project mein Pinia especially login user, JWT token, user role, bookings, etc. manage karne ke liye useful rahega.
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2

Demonstrate CSV Export functionality.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDemo script pehle se practice karo, 5-7 minute, saari roles.
Suggested flow
1) Register/login user 2) Admin login — CRUD 3) Approval/blacklist 4) Booking/apply 5) Search 6) Validation edge (slots 0, duplicate) 7) Logout
Bolte-bolte dikhao: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Code tab kholna jab poochhein.
Crash ho to debug calmly: terminal error, typo, DB path.
Mandatory features skip mat karna — examiner list tick karta hai.
3

Demonstrate Scheduled Jobs (Celery) by configuring a task with an appropriate schedule.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleCelery background tasks (email, CSV, reports) async chalaata hai. Redis broker/queue + cache.
User 'Export' click → Celery task queue → Redis message → worker CSV banaata hai → user baad mein download.
Saath isliye: Celery ko broker chahiye, Redis tez in-memory. MAD2 topic zyada, MAD1 mein optional.
Priority: task queues/routing. Caching: Redis mein key-value, DB hits kam.
Pub/Sub: publisher channel pe message, subscribers sunte hain — Redis yeh bhi karta hai.
SimpleDemo script pehle se practice karo, 5-7 minute, saari roles.
Suggested flow
1) Register/login user 2) Admin login — CRUD 3) Approval/blacklist 4) Booking/apply 5) Search 6) Validation edge (slots 0, duplicate) 7) Logout
Bolte-bolte dikhao: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Code tab kholna jab poochhein.
Crash ho to debug calmly: terminal error, typo, DB path.
Mandatory features skip mat karna — examiner list tick karta hai.
4
Write the Register/Sign-up API route/class in Notepad.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleAPI = Application Programming Interface — do systems predefined rules se baat karti hain. REST API HTTP + JSON use karti hai.
Controller/route HTML bhi return kar sakta hai. REST API generally JSON return karti hai, frontend alag ho (Vue/Postman).
Example
```
@app.route('/api/users/<int:id>')
def get_user(id):
    u = User.query.get_or_404(id)
    return jsonify(id=u.id, name=u.name)
```
MAD1 HTML apps mein 'API' kabhi-kabhi routes ko hi keh dete hain. Agar Vue nahi to bolo: server-rendered Flask, JSON APIs optional.
Boolean return: technically jsonify(True) ho sakta hai, lekin meaningful JSON object better. Flask view None return kare to error.
Test: Postman se GET/POST.
Parsing: request.get_json() body se, request.args query se.
5

Which did you use: Vue CDN or Vue CLI?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleCDN se Vue script tag, CLI se full project (webpack/vite, SFC).
CDN: <script src='https://unpkg.com/vue@3'></script> — setup 1 minute, MAD2 proto ke liye theek, offline toot sakta hai.
CLI (vue create / Vite): .vue files, components, router, build step. Production apps ke liye better.
Standalone/SFC components CLI/Vite mein milte hain.
6
Explain async and await.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Examiner code pe ungli rakh ke poochta hai — panic mat karo, 4-line formula bolo.
1) Yeh file/line kya role hai (model / route / template / config)?
2) Input kahan se aata hai (form, URL <id>, session, JSON)?
3) DB pe kya query/write?
4) Output kya (render_template / redirect / jsonify)?
Example
```
@app.route('/book/<int:id>', methods=['POST']) — logged-in user session se, trek id URL se, Booking add, slots--, redirect history.
```
Unknown line: imports (request, url_for, flash), decorators, if checks, commit — har keyword ka reason ready rakho.
7
What is ORM?

Times asked 49
Official solution

SimpleORM = Object Relational Mapping. Database tables ko Python classes/objects se map karta hai, raw SQL kam likhni padti hai.
Bina ORM: cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM user WHERE id=?', [5])
ORM se: User.query.get(5) ya db.session.get(User, 5)
Example model
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True)
```
FaydePython mein soch sakte ho, SQL injection se protection (parameterized), relationships easy, DB switch thoda aasan.
Nuksaancomplex queries slow/abstract, seekhne ki layer extra, kabhi raw SQL phir bhi chahiye.
MAD1: SQLAlchemy (Flask-SQLAlchemy). Tables db.create_all() ya migrations se banti hain.

See reviews Level2_140 MAD1 Level 1

Aug 3, 2026

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1

ID card verification GitHub collaborator verification Project demo

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleCamera pe clearly IITM/college ID dikhao — naam photo match.
Pehle se ID haath mein rakho. Glare mat aane do. Examiner screenshot/verify karta hai. Iske baad GitHub + project run.
2
Asked to implement certain tasks

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh live coding / notepad task hai. Chhota, correct Flask snippet likho.
```
from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect, url_for
@app.route('/do', methods=['GET','POST'])
def do():
    if request.method == 'POST':
        # request.form.get('field') ya request.args.get('q')
        # db.session.add(...); commit
        return redirect(url_for('dashboard'))
    items = Model.query.all()
    return render_template('page.html', items=items)
```
Jinja: {% for x in items %}<li>{{ x.name }}</li>{% endfor %}
ID URL: @app.route('/item/<int:id>')
3
Difference between authentication and authorization

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleAuthentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password check karke prove karte ho ki tum genuine user ho. Success pe session/token milta hai.
Authorization: uske baad role check. Admin hi parking lot delete kar sakta hai, normal user nahi.
Example (Flask):
# Authentication
```
if user and check_password_hash(user.password, form_password):
    session['user_id'] = user.id

# Authorization
if session.get('role') != 'admin':
    abort(403)  # logged in ho, lekin allowed nahi
```
Project example: student login = authentication. Student admin dashboard nahi khol sakta = authorization.
Validation alag cheez hai (form sahi bhara hai ya nahi, jaise age 18+).
4

Difference between inline, internal, and external CSS

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleCSS 3 tarikon se lagti hai, priority Inline > Internal > External (same specificity pe).
Inline: style='color:red' element pe. Highest priority, lekin reuse nahi. Debugging mushkil.
Internal: <style> tag HTML head mein. Us page tak limited.
External: style.css file. Large project ke liye best — ek jagah change, saari pages update.
Example same button pe teeno:
/* external */ .btn { color: blue; }
/* internal */ .btn { color: green; }
 <button class='btn' style='color:red'> → red jeetega
ID (#box) class (.btn) se strong, class element (button) se strong.
!important sabko override karta hai — avoid karo.
Large project: external CSS preferred.
5
How to change the Flask application's port in the code

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleFlask default port 5000. Change: app.run(port=8000) ya env PORT, ya flask run --port 8000.
```
if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(debug=True, host='0.0.0.0', port=8000)
```
Do apps ek saath: alag ports. Occupied port: error, doosra number try.
6
Write/use a for loop in a Jinja template

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleJinja2 Flask ka template engine hai. HTML ke andar Python-jaisa data print/loop/if kar sakte ho.
Bina Jinja har user ke liye alag HTML file. Jinja se ek template + data.
```
{{ user.name }} print, {% for x in items %} loop, {% if %} condition, {% extends %} layout.
```
Example routereturn render_template('dash.html', treks=treks)
dash.html: {% for t in treks %}<li>{{ t.name }}</li>{% endfor %}
HTML files templates/ folder mein isliye kyunki Flask default wahan dhundhta hai. render_template Jinja ko run karta hai.
Boolean Jinja handle karta hai: {% if user.is_admin %}.

See reviews Level2_135 MAD1 Level 1

Aug 3, 2026

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1

Show the GitHub repository and collaborator.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleGitHub repo public/private policy ke hisaab, MAD-1 collaborator add, commits dikhao.
Repo → Settings → Collaborators → instructor added.
Commits: git log / GitHub History — regular commits better, ek dum 1 commit suspicious.
README + report mein AI usage likha hona chahiye agar use kiya.
2

Download the project from the portal, verify the checksum, and run it.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleChecksum file ka hash (jaise SHA256) — file change hui ya nahi verify.
Portal pe submitted ZIP ka checksum diya hota hai. Local file ka hash nikaalo, match hona chahiye.
Linux: sha256sum project.zip
Mismatch = galat file / corrupt download. Examiner integrity check karta hai ki tumhari submitted copy hi run ho rahi hai.
3

Demonstrate the application and explain its features.Test edge cases.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDemo script pehle se practice karo, 5-7 minute, saari roles.
Suggested flow
1) Register/login user 2) Admin login — CRUD 3) Approval/blacklist 4) Booking/apply 5) Search 6) Validation edge (slots 0, duplicate) 7) Logout
Bolte-bolte dikhao: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Code tab kholna jab poochhein.
Crash ho to debug calmly: terminal error, typo, DB path.
Mandatory features skip mat karna — examiner list tick karta hai.
4
Perform core workflows such as: Login as Admin. Add/Edit Treks. Create and approve Staff. Assign Treks to Staff. Login as Trekker and book a Trek. Change Trek status as Staff.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh project-specific feature add/modify hai. 4 layers touch karo: model, route, template, validation.
1) Data chahiye to models.py mein column/relationship + DB update (ALTER / migrate / create_all).
2) Route: GET pe form/page, POST pe request.form se save, flash + redirect.
3) Template: input name=... Jinja se {{ obj.field }} display.
4) Rule: duplicate, range, role check backend pe.
Example naya field 'city':
```
user.city = db.Column(db.String(50))
user.city = request.form.get('city')
<input name='city'>  ...  {{ user.city }}
```
5
Explain models.py.

Times asked 21
Official solution

Simplemodels.py har table ki class hai — columns, PK/FK, relationships. Yeh Model layer hai.
Viva mein file khol ke bolo:
1) Kaunsi classes/tables hain (User, Role-specific, Booking...)
2) Har table ka kaam 1 line
3) Relationships: 1-1 / 1-M / M-M, backref, cascade, lazy
4) Constraints: unique email, nullable, default status
Example skeleton
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True, nullable=False)
    role = db.Column(db.String(20), default='user')
    bookings = db.relationship('Booking', backref='user', cascade='all, delete-orphan')
```
ER diagram: rectangles entities, lines relationships, PK/FK mark. Schema = yahi structure.
Tables create: db.create_all() ya migrations. SQLite file SQL viewer se dikha sakte ho.
6
Explain the frameworks used in your project.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Examiner code pe ungli rakh ke poochta hai — panic mat karo, 4-line formula bolo.
1) Yeh file/line kya role hai (model / route / template / config)?
2) Input kahan se aata hai (form, URL <id>, session, JSON)?
3) DB pe kya query/write?
4) Output kya (render_template / redirect / jsonify)?
Example
```
@app.route('/book/<int:id>', methods=['POST']) — logged-in user session se, trek id URL se, Booking add, slots--, redirect history.
```
Unknown line: imports (request, url_for, flash), decorators, if checks, commit — har keyword ka reason ready rakho.
7
What are Flask Blueprints?

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleBlueprint Flask app ko modules mein baant ta hai — auth, admin, user alag files.
admin_bp = Blueprint('admin', __name__, url_prefix='/admin')
@admin_bp.route('/dashboard')
```
def dash(): ...
app.register_blueprint(admin_bp)
```
Bina blueprint: sab routes ek app.py — chhote MAD1 ke liye theek. Alternative: multiple modules import karke app pe route attach, ya create_app factory.
Bada project: Blueprints = clean controllers.
8
Have you implemented Blueprints in your project?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleBlueprint Flask app ko modules mein baant ta hai — auth, admin, user alag files.
admin_bp = Blueprint('admin', __name__, url_prefix='/admin')
@admin_bp.route('/dashboard')
```
def dash(): ...
app.register_blueprint(admin_bp)
```
Bina blueprint: sab routes ek app.py — chhote MAD1 ke liye theek. Alternative: multiple modules import karke app pe route attach, ya create_app factory.
Bada project: Blueprints = clean controllers.
9
What is ORM? Which ORM have you used?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleORM = Object Relational Mapping. Database tables ko Python classes/objects se map karta hai, raw SQL kam likhni padti hai.
Bina ORM: cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM user WHERE id=?', [5])
ORM se: User.query.get(5) ya db.session.get(User, 5)
Example model
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True)
```
FaydePython mein soch sakte ho, SQL injection se protection (parameterized), relationships easy, DB switch thoda aasan.
Nuksaancomplex queries slow/abstract, seekhne ki layer extra, kabhi raw SQL phir bhi chahiye.
MAD1: SQLAlchemy (Flask-SQLAlchemy). Tables db.create_all() ya migrations se banti hain.
10

Explain Delete Cascade.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleCascade parent ke saath child pe automatic action (generally delete).
Company delete → uski drives bhi delete, warna orphan rows / FK error.
SQLAlchemy: db.relationship('Drive', cascade='all, delete-orphan', backref='company')
SQL: ForeignKey(..., ondelete='CASCADE')
Cascade sirf delete nahi: save-update, merge, refresh-expire, expunge, delete-orphan.
Cascade Update: parent PK change to child FK update (rare, PK mat badlo).
Parent delete jab children active hon: constraint error, ya cascade se children gayab, ya pehle children handle karo — design choice examiner poochta hai.
CSS cascading alag topic hai (styles inherit/override).
11

What is RBAC (Role-Based Access Control)?

Times asked 3

Official solution

SimpleRBAC = Role-Based Access Control — permission role se (admin/staff/user), har user pe alag nahi.
user.role = 'admin'
if current_user.role != 'admin': abort(403)
Same login page, role ke hisaab dashboard. Multiple roles: roles table Many-to-Many, ya comma field (behtar normalized table).
Unapproved staff: is_approved flag, login pe check.
Flask-Security/UserMixin is_authenticated, is_active, get_id dete hain.
12

How have you implemented RBAC in your project?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleRBAC = Role-Based Access Control — permission role se (admin/staff/user), har user pe alag nahi.
user.role = 'admin'
if current_user.role != 'admin': abort(403)
Same login page, role ke hisaab dashboard. Multiple roles: roles table Many-to-Many, ya comma field (behtar normalized table).
Unapproved staff: is_approved flag, login pe check.
Flask-Security/UserMixin is_authenticated, is_active, get_id dete hain.
13
Explain HTTP Methods. Difference between POST and PUT.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimplePOST nayi cheez create karta hai, PUT existing cheez ko replace/update karta hai.
POST /books → naya book add. Har baar naya ID banega. Idempotent nahi — 2 baar POST = 2 records.
PUT /books/5 → id=5 wale book ko poora update. Same PUT dubara bhejo to same result (idempotent).
PUT se create bhi ho sakta hai (agar ID client decide kare), lekin REST convention: create = POST, replace = PUT, partial = PATCH.
Example
```
@app.route('/user', methods=['POST'])          # register naya user
@app.route('/user/<int:id>', methods=['PUT'])  # poora profile replace
```
HTML <form> PUT nahi bhejta, isliye Flask apps mein edit pe bhi POST use hota hai. Examiner ko yeh reason clearly bolo.
14
Give an example of POST from your project.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh MAD-1 viva question tumhare project ke context se linked hai. Short answer is structure se do:
Pehle 1 line definition/purpose, phir tumhare project ka example, phir chhota code/flow.
Typical Flask flowBrowser request → @app.route controller → SQLAlchemy model/DB → Jinja template response.
Auth: session['user_id'] + role check. CRUD: add/commit, query.all, field update, delete.
Live change maange to: related model → route → template, phir browser refresh karke dikhao.
Example (generic create):
obj = Model(name=request.form.get('name'))
```
db.session.add(obj); db.session.commit()
return redirect(url_for('list_view'))
```
15
Is POST idempotent? Is PUT idempotent? Explain.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimplePOST nayi cheez create karta hai, PUT existing cheez ko replace/update karta hai.
POST /books → naya book add. Har baar naya ID banega. Idempotent nahi — 2 baar POST = 2 records.
PUT /books/5 → id=5 wale book ko poora update. Same PUT dubara bhejo to same result (idempotent).
PUT se create bhi ho sakta hai (agar ID client decide kare), lekin REST convention: create = POST, replace = PUT, partial = PATCH.
Example
```
@app.route('/user', methods=['POST'])          # register naya user
@app.route('/user/<int:id>', methods=['PUT'])  # poora profile replace
```
HTML <form> PUT nahi bhejta, isliye Flask apps mein edit pe bhi POST use hota hai. Examiner ko yeh reason clearly bolo.
16

Add a new column to display the Assigned Staff in the Trekker's All Bookings page.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simple 4-step: Model → DB → Form → Route → Template. Yeh sabse common live-coding hai.
1) models.py: age = db.Column(db.Integer, nullable=True)
2) DB: SQLite viewer se column, ya DB delete karke create_all, ya ALTER TABLE user ADD COLUMN age INTEGER; production mein Flask-Migrate.
3) register.html: <input type='number' name='age' min='18' required>
4) route: user.age = request.form.get('age', type=int); commit
5) dashboard: {{ user.age }} admin table mein <td>{{ u.age }}</td>
Print terminal: print('AGE', request.form.get('age'))
Phone/city same pattern, String(20). Openings on Drive: integer column + form + create_drive route.

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Aug 3, 2026

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1

Download the project from the portal and run it.

Times asked 6

Official solution

SimpleExaminer submitted ZIP chahta hai, local extra changes nahi.
Portal se ZIP download → extract → venv → pip install -r requirements.txt → flask run / python app.py.
Checksum maange to hash match karke dikhao. Camera/OPPE setup unke instructions.
Linux/Mac: paths, gunicorn; Windows paths alag ho to relative paths use karo.
Do browsers: admin + user parallel demo impressive lagta hai.
2

Show the GitHub repository and collaborators.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleGitHub repo public/private policy ke hisaab, MAD-1 collaborator add, commits dikhao.
Repo → Settings → Collaborators → instructor added.
Commits: git log / GitHub History — regular commits better, ek dum 1 commit suspicious.
README + report mein AI usage likha hona chahiye agar use kiya.
3
Write a route that accepts an ID as input and returns/displays it on the frontend.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Patternfilter query → template/JSON. Examiner jo entity bole us class ka naam use karo.
```
@app.route('/admin/blacklisted')
def blacklisted():
    rows = User.query.filter_by(is_blacklisted=True).all()
    return render_template('list.html', rows=rows)

JSON: return jsonify([{'id': r.id, 'name': r.name} for r in rows])
ID se: User.query.get_or_404(id)
Do filters: .filter(Drive.approved==False, Drive.title=='Data Scientist')
```
Join example: students jinhone blacklisted company ke drive pe apply kiya — join Application-Drive-Company.
PUT@app.route('/x/<int:id>', methods=['PUT']) + request.get_json()
url param display: @app.route('/show/<int:id>') return render_template('show.html', id=id)
Form → next page: POST values render_template('out.html', **request.form)
Count: return str(User.query.filter_by(is_blacklisted=True).count())
4
Which HTML tag is used to create a form?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleForm user input server ko bhejti hai. Table rows/columns dikhati hai.
```
<form action="{{ url_for('register') }}" method='POST' enctype='multipart/form-data'>
  <input name='email' required>
  <button type='submit'>Go</button>
</form>
```
name attribute server pe key ban'ti hai: request.form['email']. id JS/CSS, value default/dikhta hua text.
action URL. method GET/POST. enctype file upload pe multipart.
required frontend empty submit rokta hai (backend phir bhi check).
```
<table><thead><tr><th>Name</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>{{ u.name }}</td></tr></tbody></table>
```
th header, td data, tr row. Nested table: td ke andar table (avoid, messy).
method hataoge to GET, password URL mein — buri baat.
5

What is the Internal Server Error (HTTP 500) status code?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleStatus code number batata hai request ka result.
200 OK — success, page/data mil gaya.
201 Created — POST se naya resource.
302/303 Found/See Other — redirect (login ke baad).
304 Not Modified — cache use karo.
400 Bad Request — galat input.
401 Unauthorized — login nahi (ironically authentication missing).
403 Forbidden — login hai, permission nahi.
404 Not Found — route/record nahi.
500 Internal Server Error — server crash (DB error, NoneType). debug=True pe traceback.
501 Not Implemented — method server nahi sambhalta.
abort(404) Flask mein. get_or_404(id) record na ho to 404.
User ID GET pe exist na kare to 404 return karo, 500 nahi.

See reviews Level2_131 MAD1 Level 1

Aug 3, 2026

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1

Show ID card. Verify GitHub collaborator/checksum.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleChecksum file ka hash (jaise SHA256) — file change hui ya nahi verify.
Portal pe submitted ZIP ka checksum diya hota hai. Local file ka hash nikaalo, match hona chahiye.
Linux: sha256sum project.zip
Mismatch = galat file / corrupt download. Examiner integrity check karta hai ki tumhari submitted copy hi run ho rahi hai.
2

Download the project from the Viva portal and run it.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleExaminer submitted ZIP chahta hai, local extra changes nahi.
Portal se ZIP download → extract → venv → pip install -r requirements.txt → flask run / python app.py.
Checksum maange to hash match karke dikhao. Camera/OPPE setup unke instructions.
Linux/Mac: paths, gunicorn; Windows paths alag ho to relative paths use karo.
Do browsers: admin + user parallel demo impressive lagta hai.
3

Demonstrate all mandatory functionalities: Register Company. Approve Company. Create Placement Drive. Approve Placement Drive. Register Student. Apply for a Drive. Blacklist Company and verify whether it can log in again.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleBlacklist flag user/company ko block karta hai — login ya features band.
user.is_blacklisted = True; db.session.commit()
Login: if user.is_blacklisted: flash('Blocked'); return
Student dashboard: blacklisted company ke drives hide — query filter join Company.is_blacklisted==False.
Demo: admin blacklist → us user se login fail.
SimpleDemo script pehle se practice karo, 5-7 minute, saari roles.
Suggested flow
1) Register/login user 2) Admin login — CRUD 3) Approval/blacklist 4) Booking/apply 5) Search 6) Validation edge (slots 0, duplicate) 7) Logout
Bolte-bolte dikhao: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Code tab kholna jab poochhein.
Crash ho to debug calmly: terminal error, typo, DB path.
Mandatory features skip mat karna — examiner list tick karta hai.
4
Explain the overall project/codebase.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Examiner code pe ungli rakh ke poochta hai — panic mat karo, 4-line formula bolo.
1) Yeh file/line kya role hai (model / route / template / config)?
2) Input kahan se aata hai (form, URL <id>, session, JSON)?
3) DB pe kya query/write?
4) Output kya (render_template / redirect / jsonify)?
Example
```
@app.route('/book/<int:id>', methods=['POST']) — logged-in user session se, trek id URL se, Booking add, slots--, redirect history.
```
Unknown line: imports (request, url_for, flash), decorators, if checks, commit — har keyword ka reason ready rakho.
5
Explain your models.py.

Times asked 2
Official solution

Simplemodels.py har table ki class hai — columns, PK/FK, relationships. Yeh Model layer hai.
Viva mein file khol ke bolo:
1) Kaunsi classes/tables hain (User, Role-specific, Booking...)
2) Har table ka kaam 1 line
3) Relationships: 1-1 / 1-M / M-M, backref, cascade, lazy
4) Constraints: unique email, nullable, default status
Example skeleton
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True, nullable=False)
    role = db.Column(db.String(20), default='user')
    bookings = db.relationship('Booking', backref='user', cascade='all, delete-orphan')
```
ER diagram: rectangles entities, lines relationships, PK/FK mark. Schema = yahi structure.
Tables create: db.create_all() ya migrations. SQLite file SQL viewer se dikha sakte ho.
6
Explain a specific line/portion of code and its logic.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleFlask default port 5000. Change: app.run(port=8000) ya env PORT, ya flask run --port 8000.
```
if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(debug=True, host='0.0.0.0', port=8000)
```
Do apps ek saath: alag ports. Occupied port: error, doosra number try.
7
Explain the significance of a particular line of code.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Examiner code pe ungli rakh ke poochta hai — panic mat karo, 4-line formula bolo.
1) Yeh file/line kya role hai (model / route / template / config)?
2) Input kahan se aata hai (form, URL <id>, session, JSON)?
3) DB pe kya query/write?
4) Output kya (render_template / redirect / jsonify)?
Example
```
@app.route('/book/<int:id>', methods=['POST']) — logged-in user session se, trek id URL se, Booking add, slots--, redirect history.
```
Unknown line: imports (request, url_for, flash), decorators, if checks, commit — har keyword ka reason ready rakho.
8

Explain how data is sent from the backend to the frontend.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simple flow: Browser → Route (controller) → Model/DB → phir template (view) → Browser.
Submit example:
1) HTML form POST /register, name='email'
2) register() request.form.get('email')
3) User(email=...) ; db.session.add; commit
4) redirect dashboard
5) dashboard query + render_template
6) Jinja {{ user.email }} / {% for %}
GET search: /search?q=flask → request.args.get('q') → filter ilike → template list.
JSON API: jsonify, frontend fetch().
9
Write a controller/route to fetch all companies and send them to an HTML template.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleRoutes/controllers URLs handle karte hain. app.py app banata hai, models.py data, templates/ views, static/ CSS-JS.
Typical structure:
app.py / __init__.py → Flask app, db.init, register blueprints
models.py → tables
routes.py / views → @app.route functions
templates/ → Jinja HTML
static/ → css, images
instance/*.db → SQLite
Ek route explain karne ka template:
1) URL + methods 2) Auth/role check 3) Form/query se data 4) Business rule (duplicate, slots) 5) db.session 6) render ya redirect
Example GET+POST same route: GET form, POST save.
Data HTML se: form name= → request.form. Data HTML ko: render_template(..., items=query).
Nayi .py file: import karke use karo, warna Flask ko pata nahi. Folder rename: imports/paths/templates check.
Patternfilter query → template/JSON. Examiner jo entity bole us class ka naam use karo.
```
@app.route('/admin/blacklisted')
def blacklisted():
    rows = User.query.filter_by(is_blacklisted=True).all()
    return render_template('list.html', rows=rows)

JSON: return jsonify([{'id': r.id, 'name': r.name} for r in rows])
ID se: User.query.get_or_404(id)
Do filters: .filter(Drive.approved==False, Drive.title=='Data Scientist')
```
Join example: students jinhone blacklisted company ke drive pe apply kiya — join Application-Drive-Company.
PUT@app.route('/x/<int:id>', methods=['PUT']) + request.get_json()
url param display: @app.route('/show/<int:id>') return render_template('show.html', id=id)
Form → next page: POST values render_template('out.html', **request.form)
Count: return str(User.query.filter_by(is_blacklisted=True).count())
10
Explain Blueprints and why they are used.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleBlueprint Flask app ko modules mein baant ta hai — auth, admin, user alag files.
admin_bp = Blueprint('admin', __name__, url_prefix='/admin')
@admin_bp.route('/dashboard')
```
def dash(): ...
app.register_blueprint(admin_bp)
```
Bina blueprint: sab routes ek app.py — chhote MAD1 ke liye theek. Alternative: multiple modules import karke app pe route attach, ya create_app factory.
Bada project: Blueprints = clean controllers.
11
Explain Flask-WTF and why it is used.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleUserMixin Flask-Login ko batata hai user object kaise treat karna hai (is_authenticated, get_id).
```
class User(db.Model, UserMixin):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
```
current_user proxy logged-in user. Initialize: login_user(user) / user_loader callback.
Flask-WTF: Python classes se forms, CSRF, validators. RegisterForm forms.py mein.
fs_uniquifier Flask-Security mein token/session identity — email change pe sessions invalidate.
enctype='multipart/form-data' file upload pe zaroori. request.files.get('resume').
12
What is Jinja2? Where have you used Jinja2 in your project?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleJinja2 Flask ka template engine hai. HTML ke andar Python-jaisa data print/loop/if kar sakte ho.
Bina Jinja har user ke liye alag HTML file. Jinja se ek template + data.
```
{{ user.name }} print, {% for x in items %} loop, {% if %} condition, {% extends %} layout.
```
Example routereturn render_template('dash.html', treks=treks)
dash.html: {% for t in treks %}<li>{{ t.name }}</li>{% endfor %}
HTML files templates/ folder mein isliye kyunki Flask default wahan dhundhta hai. render_template Jinja ko run karta hai.
Boolean Jinja handle karta hai: {% if user.is_admin %}.
13
Why is Jinja2 needed? What would be harder without it?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleJinja2 Flask ka template engine hai. HTML ke andar Python-jaisa data print/loop/if kar sakte ho.
Bina Jinja har user ke liye alag HTML file. Jinja se ek template + data.
```
{{ user.name }} print, {% for x in items %} loop, {% if %} condition, {% extends %} layout.
```
Example routereturn render_template('dash.html', treks=treks)
dash.html: {% for t in treks %}<li>{{ t.name }}</li>{% endfor %}
HTML files templates/ folder mein isliye kyunki Flask default wahan dhundhta hai. render_template Jinja ko run karta hai.
Boolean Jinja handle karta hai: {% if user.is_admin %}.
14
Write the Jinja loop to iterate through the fetched company records.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh live coding / notepad task hai. Chhota, correct Flask snippet likho.
```
from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect, url_for
@app.route('/do', methods=['GET','POST'])
def do():
    if request.method == 'POST':
        # request.form.get('field') ya request.args.get('q')
        # db.session.add(...); commit
        return redirect(url_for('dashboard'))
    items = Model.query.all()
    return render_template('page.html', items=items)
```
Jinja: {% for x in items %}<li>{{ x.name }}</li>{% endfor %}
ID URL: @app.route('/item/<int:id>')
15

Explain the MVC architecture and how it is applied in your project.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleMVC = Model-View-Controller. Code ko 3 hisson mein baant ta hai taaki mix na ho.
Model: data + DB. models.py — User, Trek, Booking classes.
View: jo user dekhta hai. templates/*.html + Jinja.
Controller: beech ka logic. routes / app.py — request lo, model se data, view ko do.
Example flow (register):
Browser form POST → Controller register() → User model save → redirect → View dashboard.html
Draw: Browser → Controller → Model → DB, phir Controller → View → Browser.
ORM na ho to bhi MVC ho sakta hai — Model raw SQL functions ho sakte hain. Structure matter karta hai, library nahi.
MVP/MVVM doosri architectures hain; MAD1 mein MVC expected hai.
16
Which ORM have you used?

Times asked 3
Official solution

SimpleORM = Object Relational Mapping. Database tables ko Python classes/objects se map karta hai, raw SQL kam likhni padti hai.
Bina ORM: cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM user WHERE id=?', [5])
ORM se: User.query.get(5) ya db.session.get(User, 5)
Example model
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True)
```
FaydePython mein soch sakte ho, SQL injection se protection (parameterized), relationships easy, DB switch thoda aasan.
Nuksaancomplex queries slow/abstract, seekhne ki layer extra, kabhi raw SQL phir bhi chahiye.
MAD1: SQLAlchemy (Flask-SQLAlchemy). Tables db.create_all() ya migrations se banti hain.
17

Explain HTTP Methods. Difference between PUT and PATCH.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimplePUT poori resource replace karta hai, PATCH sirf kuch fields update karta hai.
PUTfull update. Jo fields nahi bheji, woh empty/default ho sakti hain. Idempotent — same request 5 baar bhejo, result same.
PATCHpartial update. Sirf name change karna hai to sirf name bhejo, baaki fields same rehti hain.
ExampleUser {name: Ram, city: Delhi, age: 20}
PUT /user/1 {name: Shyam} → city/age lose ho sakte hain agar poora object nahi bheja.
PATCH /user/1 {name: Shyam} → sirf name Shyam, city Delhi, age 20 same.
MAD1 Flask forms mein aksar POST se update karte hain kyunki HTML form PUT/PATCH native support nahi karta. Theory mein farq yeh hai.
18

What is CORS?

Times asked 8

Official solution

SimpleCORS browser rule hai ki kaunsa frontend kis API ko call kar sake. XSS attacker ka JS tumhare page pe chalaata hai.
CORS: API header Access-Control-Allow-Origin. Vue (localhost:8080) Flask (5000) ko call kare to CORS chahiye. Same Flask+Jinja site pe usually issue nahi.
XSS: <script> cookie chori. Fix: escape output (Jinja autoescape), user HTML mat render karo.
CSRF alag: attacker user ke browser se hidden request. Fix: CSRF token (Flask-WTF).
19

Did you build the project yourself or use AI? If AI was used, explain where and how you used it.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleSach bolo. AI se boilerplate/docs theek, logic samajh ke explain karo.
'Boilerplate aur CSS ke liye AI use kiya, models/routes khud design kiye. Report mein X% mention hai.'
Line-by-line nahi explain kar paoge to examiner pakad lega. Documentation: official Flask/SQLAlchemy + course lectures.

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