Search – Lazy IITians Viva Prep

See reviews Level2_93 MAD2 Level 1

Aug 1, 2026

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1
Introduce yourself.

Times asked 7
Official solution

Simple30s: naam, city, degree, project, stack Vue Flask Redis Celery.
1 unique feature. No rattu script. Currently doing short then project.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Example
```
Main Priya, IITM BS. MAD2 SPA — Vue, Flask REST, JWT, Redis cache, Celery reports.
```
Project example: Parking/ticket/job-portal one-liner.
Viva tipScript ratt ke mat bolo. Project ka 1 unique feature highlight karo.
2

Demonstrate your application.

Times asked 8

Official solution

SimpleDemo 5–7 min ki kahani: saari roles, koi milestone skip nahi, bolte-bolte dikhao.
Examiner list tick karta hai. Crash ho to panic nahi — terminal error padho.
Code tab kholna jab poochhein. Extra uncommitted features mat dikhana agar portal ZIP mein nahi.
Suggested flow1) Register/login user
2) Admin login — CRUD
3) Approval/blacklist
4) Booking/apply + edge case
5) Search + charts
6) CSV export / email job
7) Logout
Project example: Jo statement/parking/jobs/tickets hai uske user+admin journeys.
Viva tipBol: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Mandatory features pehle, polish baad.
3

Explain every feature and implementation in your project thoroughly.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleMilestone list tick. Extra last. Honest missing.
Core: auth rbac crud search cache celery charts.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: README features.
Project example: README features.
4

Prevent users from booking more tickets than the available capacity.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simpleqty > available 400. Frontend :max still backend. How prevent more seats than available.
Atomic UPDATE WHERE available>=qty.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: book route.
Project example: book route.
5

Display the total number of bookings made by a user in the Bookings page.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplefunc.count / len(user.bookings). Header bookings page. Display total/current count. Tickets booked each summary.
Show number tickets. Remaining tickets capacity-booked server compute.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: serialize available. Don't trust client.
6

Validate the signup username so that it only accepts an email format (e.g., abc@xyz.com).

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplepattern email regex unique. Validate signup username email format abc@xyz.com.
FE+BE.
Flask-Mail / SMTP se mail. Local MailHog fake server: SMTP 1025, UI 8025 — internet nahi, viva safe.
Asli send Celery task mein, request thread mein nahi. Beat 6pm reminder, export ke baad CSV attach optional.
MAIL_SERVER localhost demo. Gmail SMTP student account pe block common. Body mein user name personalization examiner dekhta hai.
Project example: register.
Project example: register.
7

Add a Download CSV button to export all venues into a single CSV file.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplebutton export all venues one csv celery or sync small. Add Download CSV button all venues single file.
If small sync OK examiner. Course celery better.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Project example: Export button admin.
8

Display the total/current booking count.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplefunc.count / len(user.bookings). Header bookings page. Display total/current count. Tickets booked each summary.
Show number tickets. Remaining tickets capacity-booked server compute.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: serialize available. Don't trust client.
9
Explain the Vue directives/components (v-if, v-for) used in your code.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleDirectives Vue ke special attributes — HTML ko superpower.
v-if/else/show, v-for, v-bind (:), v-on (@), v-model, v-html (XSS), v-cloak, v-slot.
:src = v-bind:src. @click = v-on:click.
Custom directives bhi (v-focus) — course basics kaafi.
Example
```
<p v-if="ok">Yes</p>
<li v-for="u in users" :key="u.id">{{ u.name }}</li>
<input v-model="email">
<img :src="url">
```
Project example: List v-for :key. Form v-model. Admin v-if. Image :src.
Viva tip: src ke liye v-bind:src ka shorthand. @click = v-on:click.
10
What are Props in Vue?

Times asked 5
Official solution

SimpleProps parent ki thali child ko dena. Child thali tod ke parent ki thali na badle — emit bolo.
Declare props, parent :venue="v". One-way. Mutate mat. Types/required Vue 3.
List parent, card child — classic viva.
Component = reusable UI block (Navbar, Card). Props parent→child data, emit child→parent event. Slots parent HTML inner content.
computed cache + reactive derive (filtered list). watch side-effect (query change pe API). methods events. ref() primitive, reactive() object. Vuex/Pinia global store; localStorage persist, store nahi.
SFC: template + script + style ek .vue file. Parent-child exam favourite: list parent, row child :item + @delete.
Example
```
<VenueCard :venue="v" @select="onSelect" />
props: ['venue']
this.$emit('select', this.venue.id)
```
Project example: VenueCard :venue. Child $emit('select', id).
11
What is ORM?

Times asked 49
Official solution

SimpleORM = translator. Python object bolo, woh SQL mein baat kare.
Object Relational Mapper. Class User ↔ table user. Raw SQL kam.
SQLAlchemy MAD1/MAD2. Fayde: portable SQLite→Postgres, relationships, parameterized queries (injection kam).
Nuksaan: N+1, hidden SQL, complex reports pe raw better.
Direct sqlite3 se SQLAlchemy isliye: models, switch DB, safer queries.
Example
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(128), unique=True)
User.query.filter_by(email='a@b.com').first()
```
Project example: models.py db.Model. resources User.query.filter_by. Koi f-string SQL nahi.
Viva tipFayde: safe-ish, portable (SQLite→Postgres). Nuksaan: complex queries, N+1, leaky abstractions. Direct SQLite se SQLAlchemy isliye: models + injection protection + switch DB.
12
What is Redis caching?

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleRedis fridge pe sticky note hai — poori kitchen (database) kholne ki zarurat nahi.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai. Data RAM mein rehta hai, isliye disk wale SQLite/Postgres se kai guna tez.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam karta hai:
1) Cache — same venue/show/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se mat nikaalo.
2) Celery message broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis band ho to cache miss ho jaata hai aur Celery queue ruk sakti hai. Crash pe cache gayab ho sakta hai — isliye important data sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Example
```
import redis
r = redis.Redis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)
r.set('venues', json.dumps(data), ex=30)
print(r.get('venues'))
```
Project example: GET /api/venues pehle Redis dekho. Miss pe SQLAlchemy query, phir SET with timeout. Celery worker Redis list se daily reminder uthata hai.
Viva tipCache ke liye db=1, broker ke liye db=0 rakhna smart hai taaki keys mix na hon. Viva mein redis-cli ping → PONG dikhana strong hai.
13

Why did you use Redis caching?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleMAD2 course Redis isliye: ek tool mein cache + Celery broker.
Memcached sirf cache. RabbitMQ sirf queue. Redis dono + easy install.
Student project size pe SQLite + Redis kaafi. Production mein hosted Redis, persistence optional.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai — fridge pe sticky note, poori kitchen (SQL database) har baar mat kholo.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam: (1) cache — same venues/shows/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se nahi (2) Celery broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Flow: cache.get(key) → hit pe return, miss pe SQLAlchemy + SET with timeout. Admin write ke baad cache.delete, warna stale list.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis crash/band = cache miss (app chalni chahiye) + queue ruk sakti hai. Important bookings sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Alag: Redis ≠ Memcached (Celery broker nahi). Redis ≠ localStorage (woh browser). redis-cli ping → PONG viva proof.
Project example: requirements.txt: redis, Flask-Caching, celery. README: redis-server pehle chalao.
14
Where did you implement Redis caching in your project?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleRedis fridge pe sticky note hai — poori kitchen (database) kholne ki zarurat nahi.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai. Data RAM mein rehta hai, isliye disk wale SQLite/Postgres se kai guna tez.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam karta hai:
1) Cache — same venue/show/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se mat nikaalo.
2) Celery message broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis band ho to cache miss ho jaata hai aur Celery queue ruk sakti hai. Crash pe cache gayab ho sakta hai — isliye important data sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Example
```
import redis
r = redis.Redis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)
r.set('venues', json.dumps(data), ex=30)
print(r.get('venues'))
```
Project example: GET /api/venues pehle Redis dekho. Miss pe SQLAlchemy query, phir SET with timeout. Celery worker Redis list se daily reminder uthata hai.
Viva tipCache ke liye db=1, broker ke liye db=0 rakhna smart hai taaki keys mix na hon. Viva mein redis-cli ping → PONG dikhana strong hai.

See reviews Level2_93 MAD2 Level 1

Aug 1, 2026

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1

Demonstrate your application.

Times asked 8

Official solution

SimpleDemo 5–7 min ki kahani: saari roles, koi milestone skip nahi, bolte-bolte dikhao.
Examiner list tick karta hai. Crash ho to panic nahi — terminal error padho.
Code tab kholna jab poochhein. Extra uncommitted features mat dikhana agar portal ZIP mein nahi.
Suggested flow1) Register/login user
2) Admin login — CRUD
3) Approval/blacklist
4) Booking/apply + edge case
5) Search + charts
6) CSV export / email job
7) Logout
Project example: Jo statement/parking/jobs/tickets hai uske user+admin journeys.
Viva tipBol: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Mandatory features pehle, polish baad.
2

Implement an Export All Theatres feature (export data for all theatres at once).

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleQuery all theatres not one. Same CSV task no filter id. Implement Export All Theatres.
Celery.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: export_all.delay().
Project example: export_all.delay().
3

Display the booking count.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplefunc.count / len(user.bookings). Header bookings page. Display total/current count. Tickets booked each summary.
Show number tickets. Remaining tickets capacity-booked server compute.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: serialize available. Don't trust client.
4

What are the properties/options in Vue, and which ones have you used?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleOptions: data methods computed watch props components mounted. Tree shaking fragments proxy v-once v-memo Vue3.
Which you used name. New Vue3 features list honestly used.
SPA = ek HTML, Vue Router se views, full reload nahi. MPA = MAD1 Jinja har URL naya HTML.
Vue Router: routes array, router-view, router-link, meta.auth + beforeEach guard. Dynamic /venues/:id → $route.params.id.
Vite/CLI SFC + npm build dist/. CDN script tag, no SFC. Jo tumne use kiya wahi justify. Flask send_from_directory('dist') production pattern.
Project example: Open SFC options vs setup.
5

Explain the libraries/packages you have used in your project and why you chose them.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleHar lib ek line why — list 40 mat.
Flask, SQLAlchemy, JWT/Security, CORS, Caching+Redis, Celery, Vue+Router, Vuex/Pinia, Axios/fetch, Chart.js, Bootstrap.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: requirements.txt + package.json top 6 open karke bolo.
Viva tipHar lib ek line why: CORS alag origin, Redis tez, Celery async, Chart.js dashboard.

See reviews Level2_96 MAD2 Level 1

Aug 1, 2026

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1

Demonstrate your complete application.

Times asked 7

Official solution

SimpleDemo 5–7 min ki kahani: saari roles, koi milestone skip nahi, bolte-bolte dikhao.
Examiner list tick karta hai. Crash ho to panic nahi — terminal error padho.
Code tab kholna jab poochhein. Extra uncommitted features mat dikhana agar portal ZIP mein nahi.
Suggested flow1) Register/login user
2) Admin login — CRUD
3) Approval/blacklist
4) Booking/apply + edge case
5) Search + charts
6) CSV export / email job
7) Logout
Project example: Jo statement/parking/jobs/tickets hai uske user+admin journeys.
Viva tipBol: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Mandatory features pehle, polish baad.
2

Create a new user, venue, show, and complete a booking.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDemo 5–7 min ki kahani: saari roles, koi milestone skip nahi, bolte-bolte dikhao.
Examiner list tick karta hai. Crash ho to panic nahi — terminal error padho.
Code tab kholna jab poochhein. Extra uncommitted features mat dikhana agar portal ZIP mein nahi.
Suggested flow1) Register/login user
2) Admin login — CRUD
3) Approval/blacklist
4) Booking/apply + edge case
5) Search + charts
6) CSV export / email job
7) Logout
Project example: Jo statement/parking/jobs/tickets hai uske user+admin journeys.
Viva tipBol: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Mandatory features pehle, polish baad.
3

What should happen to bookings if a movie/venue is deleted?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleBlock delete if bookings; cascade cancel; soft-delete. Soft + restrict viva-safe.
Admin deletes venue with bookings. Movie/venue delete policy.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Your ondelete + message.
4

If the total seats for a show are reduced below the number of existing bookings, how would you handle it?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleIf new_capacity < booked: reject or cancel extras. Constraint capacity >= sum.
Seats reduced below bookings.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Validate update show.
Project example: Validate update show.
5

Show your database models and explain your design decisions.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplemodels.py tour + draw. Design decisions unique/cascade.
SQL models = same.
ORM objects ko tables se map karta hai — raw SQL kam. SQLAlchemy MAD2 default.
class User(db.Model) + Column + relationship. query.filter_by / db.session.get. Fayda: portable SQLite→Postgres, injection se safer. Nuksaan: N+1, complex SQL.
SQLite file, zero server — course friendly. Postgres scale. Relationships: FK, backref, lazy/joinedload, cascade on delete. Constraints unique/not null integrity.
Bookings source of truth DB, Redis cache copy.
Project example: 3 relationships explain.
6

Why did you use separate date and time columns instead of a single datetime column?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleAlag date/time: filter aaj ke shows, forms alag. Single DateTime sorting easy. Honest.
Why separate date and time columns.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: If one datetime, say that.
7
Show all Vue components.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleVue = UI ka smart assistant. Data badlo, screen khud update. MAD1 Jinja har click pe naya HTML.
Progressive frontend framework. Components, reactivity, directives.
MAD2 SPA: ek index.html, Vue Router pages, Flask sirf JSON.
Fayde: easy, SFC, docs. Vs React: templates HTML-like, course sikhata hai. Vs plain JS: baar-baar DOM mat chhedo.
Example
```

<template>
  <h1>{{ msg }}</h1>
</template>
<script>
export default { data() { return { msg: 'Hello' } } }
</script>
```
Project example: Navbar.vue + views (Login, Dashboard). data() / setup() reactive. fetch APIs.
Viva tipFayde: easy, SFC, reactivity. Vs React: chhota learning curve. Vs plain JS: UI state auto-update.
8

Show where all frontend routes/URLs are defined.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleVue router.js. Flask @app.route / resources.py.
Both if asked frontend vs backend.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Don't mix.
Project example: Don't mix.
9
Show where you implemented caching.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleCache = pehli baar hisaab karke copy rakh lo, doosri baar copy dikha do.
Baar-baar same expensive kaam (DB query, counting bookings) mat karo. Result Redis jaise store mein timeout ke saath rakh do.
Cache hit: key mil gayi, DB skip. Cache miss: DB se lao, SET karo, return karo.
Tradeoff: speed vs stale data. Admin naya venue add kare aur cache 50s ka ho to user purani list dekh sakta hai — isliye write pe invalidation zaroori hai.
Browser cache, Flask-Caching, Redis alag layers hain. MAD2 examiner Redis + @cache.cached code dekhta hai.
Example
```
@cache.cached(timeout=50, query_string=True)
@app.route('/api/shows')
def shows():
    return jsonify([s.serialize() for s in Show.query.all()])
```
Project example: Admin dashboard counts / venues list cache. Create/update/delete ke baad cache.delete('venues').
Viva tipprint('DB queried') function ke andar laga ke miss/hit demo karo — hit pe print nahi chalega.
10
Demonstrate daily reminders/monthly reports.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleLive jobs: Redis, worker, beat, crontab abhi, logs + email/CSV.
Scheduled vs user-triggered dono dikhao. Missing feature honestly.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Suggested flow1) redis
2) worker
3) beat
4) crontab now
5) logs + MailHog
Example
```
CELERY_BEAT_SCHEDULE = {
  'daily-reminder': {
    'task': 'jobs.daily_reminder',
    'schedule': crontab(hour=18, minute=0),
  },
}
```
Project example: Change schedule current time. MailHog. Export button 202.
11
Change the reminder schedule and demonstrate it working.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleSchedule current time / har minute, beat restart, logs + MailHog.
Don't forget worker. Crontab fields. Demo ke baad revert if asked.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Example
```
crontab(hour=17, minute=20)
crontab(minute='*/1')
@celery.task
def add(a, b):
    return a + b
```
Project example: CELERY_BEAT_SCHEDULE edit. Terminal beat 'Sending due task'.
12

Show how emails are sent.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleMAIL config Message MailHog. Show how emails sent SMTP. Show Celery-generated emails. Where email sending logic.
tasks.py + MailHog.
Flask-Mail / SMTP se mail. Local MailHog fake server: SMTP 1025, UI 8025 — internet nahi, viva safe.
Asli send Celery task mein, request thread mein nahi. Beat 6pm reminder, export ke baad CSV attach optional.
MAIL_SERVER localhost demo. Gmail SMTP student account pe block common. Body mein user name personalization examiner dekhta hai.
Project example: screenshot 8025.
13

Change the navbar color/background.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplenav.navbar background or navbar-dark bg-primary / custom CSS.
Don't change unrelated buttons unless asked.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Inspect nav class.
Project example: Inspect nav class.
14

Change simple frontend styling (e.g., background color).

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplebody background or one div. Smallest CSS win. Change simple frontend styling background.
Don't restyle whole app.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: App.vue.
Project example: App.vue.
15

If cache already contains old data after inserting new records, how would you update it?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleInsert ke baad wait timeout mat. Write pe delete/update key.
Classic follow-up.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai — fridge pe sticky note, poori kitchen (SQL database) har baar mat kholo.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam: (1) cache — same venues/shows/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se nahi (2) Celery broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Flow: cache.get(key) → hit pe return, miss pe SQLAlchemy + SET with timeout. Admin write ke baad cache.delete, warna stale list.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis crash/band = cache miss (app chalni chahiye) + queue ruk sakti hai. Important bookings sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Alag: Redis ≠ Memcached (Celery broker nahi). Redis ≠ localStorage (woh browser). redis-cli ping → PONG viva proof.
Project example: POST then immediately GET fresh.
16

Instead of calling cache.clear(), how would you clear cache for only one specific route?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplecache.delete(key) / delete_memoized. clear() nuclear.
Instead of clear, targeted. Examiner 'only one route'.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: delete key_prefix venues not cache.clear().
17
What is Vue.js?

Times asked 5
Official solution

SimpleVue = UI ka smart assistant. Data badlo, screen khud update. MAD1 Jinja har click pe naya HTML.
Progressive frontend framework. Components, reactivity, directives.
MAD2 SPA: ek index.html, Vue Router pages, Flask sirf JSON.
Fayde: easy, SFC, docs. Vs React: templates HTML-like, course sikhata hai. Vs plain JS: baar-baar DOM mat chhedo.
Example
```

<template>
  <h1>{{ msg }}</h1>
</template>
<script>
export default { data() { return { msg: 'Hello' } } }
</script>
```
Project example: Navbar.vue + views (Login, Dashboard). data() / setup() reactive. fetch APIs.
Viva tipFayde: easy, SFC, reactivity. Vs React: chhota learning curve. Vs plain JS: UI state auto-update.
18

Why did you choose Vue instead of React?

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleCourse + SFC + docs + SPA milestone. React bhi SPA conceptually.
Frontend design: role dashboards, navbar reuse, charts admin.
SPA = ek HTML, Vue Router se views, full reload nahi. MPA = MAD1 Jinja har URL naya HTML.
Vue Router: routes array, router-view, router-link, meta.auth + beforeEach guard. Dynamic /venues/:id → $route.params.id.
Vite/CLI SFC + npm build dist/. CDN script tag, no SFC. Jo tumne use kiya wahi justify. Flask send_from_directory('dist') production pattern.
Project example: package.json vue. Don't trash React.
19

Why use Vue instead of plain HTML/CSS/JavaScript?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleState, components, router — maintainable SPA. Plain JS DOM hell.
Possible theoretically, course Vue maangta.
SPA = ek HTML, Vue Router se views, full reload nahi. MPA = MAD1 Jinja har URL naya HTML.
Vue Router: routes array, router-view, router-link, meta.auth + beforeEach guard. Dynamic /venues/:id → $route.params.id.
Vite/CLI SFC + npm build dist/. CDN script tag, no SFC. Jo tumne use kiya wahi justify. Flask send_from_directory('dist') production pattern.
Project example: v-for vs innerHTML.
20

What are the advantages of Vue.js?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleGentle curve, SFC, docs, reactivity, chhota vs Angular. Over React: HTML templates, course.
Over plain JS: components router ecosystem.
SPA = ek HTML, Vue Router se views, full reload nahi. MPA = MAD1 Jinja har URL naya HTML.
Vue Router: routes array, router-view, router-link, meta.auth + beforeEach guard. Dynamic /venues/:id → $route.params.id.
Vite/CLI SFC + npm build dist/. CDN script tag, no SFC. Jo tumne use kiya wahi justify. Flask send_from_directory('dist') production pattern.
Project example: Justify Vue not React: taught + time.
21

What is the Virtual DOM?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleVirtual DOM memory tree. Diff, sirf farq real DOM pe. Fayda kam DOM ops. Nuksaan chhote page overhead.
Vue/React. jQuery direct DOM. Lose reactivity Vue2 new property bina set.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: v-for list patch, poora innerHTML nahi.
22

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Virtual DOM?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleFayde batched DOM. Nuksaan memory tiny pages overhead. Direct DOM sometimes faster micro.
Advantages disadvantages Virtual DOM.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Why Vue still worth.
23
What is the difference between v-if and v-show?

Times asked 6
Official solution

Simplev-if ghar se nikaal deta hai (DOM se). v-show sirf light band karta hai (display:none).
v-if false → element exist hi nahi — costly create/destroy, lekin secret HTML DOM mein nahi.
v-show → hamesha DOM, CSS hide, toggle tez.
Rare / permission UI: v-if (admin panel). Dropdown bar-bar: v-show.
: shorthand v-bind ka, v-if ka nahi.
Example
```
<div v-if="isAdmin">Admin panel</div>
<div v-show="open">Dropdown</div>
```
Project example: Admin links v-if="role==='admin'". FAQ accordion v-show="open".
Viva tipSecurity ke liye sirf v-if kaafi nahi — API 403 bhi chahiye.
24
In which scenarios would you prefer v-if over v-show (or vice versa)?

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simplev-if ghar se nikaal deta hai (DOM se). v-show sirf light band karta hai (display:none).
v-if false → element exist hi nahi — costly create/destroy, lekin secret HTML DOM mein nahi.
v-show → hamesha DOM, CSS hide, toggle tez.
Rare / permission UI: v-if (admin panel). Dropdown bar-bar: v-show.
: shorthand v-bind ka, v-if ka nahi.
Example
```
<div v-if="isAdmin">Admin panel</div>
<div v-show="open">Dropdown</div>
```
Project example: Admin links v-if="role==='admin'". FAQ accordion v-show="open".
Viva tipSecurity ke liye sirf v-if kaafi nahi — API 403 bhi chahiye.
25

Explain all Vue directives.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplev-if v-else v-show v-for v-bind v-on v-model v-html v-slot. Project se 3 example.
Directives Vue ke special attributes hain — HTML ko superpower: v-if/v-show, v-for, v-bind (:), v-on (@), v-model.
v-if DOM se hataata/jodta. v-show sirf CSS display. Rare/permission: v-if. Bar-bar toggle: v-show. v-model two-way form. v-bind one-way JS→attribute.
:key v-for pe zaroori warna Vue galat reuse. v-html XSS. Secret UI ke liye sirf v-if kaafi nahi — API 403 bhi.
MAD1 Jinja server HTML. MAD2 yeh directives browser mein reactive.
Project example: Related .vue template: v-for list, v-model form, v-if admin.
26
Difference between Vue CLI and Vue CDN.

Times asked 5
Official solution

SimpleCDN = Vue script tag se, jaise pen drive. CLI/Vite = poori factory (SFC, npm, bundle).
CDN: no build, chhote apps, exam PC pe Node nahi to bhi chal. Weak: no .vue compile, 3rd-party cache, scale/team.
CLI/Vite: Single File Components, env, code-split, production dist/. Scalable.
Examiner 'which + why' — jo use kiya wahi justify, doosra naam rato mat.
Example
```

<script src="https://unpkg.com/vue@3/dist/vue.global.js"></script>

# Vite
npm run dev
npm run build
```
Project example: CDN: index.html unpkg vue. CLI: package.json, npm run serve / vite.
Viva tipCDN scalable large teams ke liye weak (no SFC compile, caching 3rd party). Examiner 'which + why' poochta hai — jo use kiya wahi justify karo.
27
How do components communicate in Vue?

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleBaat: props se neeche, emit se upar. Door ke rishte: store ya provide/inject.
Grandparent→grandchild props drilling ugly. Vuex/Pinia ya provide('user').
Did you use? List+card files naam lo.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
provide('user', user)
const user = inject('user')
```
Project example: Dashboard v-for BookingCard. Card emit 'cancel'.
Viva tip3+ level props drilling se better store. Navbar user info store se lo.
28
What is emit() / this.$emit()?

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simpleemit = child parent ko chillata hai: 'delete 5'. Props down, events up.
this.$emit('delete', id). Parent @delete="removeRow".
Grandchild: chain emit ya Vuex/provide.
Component = reusable UI block (Navbar, Card). Props parent→child data, emit child→parent event. Slots parent HTML inner content.
computed cache + reactive derive (filtered list). watch side-effect (query change pe API). methods events. ref() primitive, reactive() object. Vuex/Pinia global store; localStorage persist, store nahi.
SFC: template + script + style ek .vue file. Parent-child exam favourite: list parent, row child :item + @delete.
Example
```
this.$emit('delete', id)
// parent: <Child @delete="removeRow" />
```
Project example: BookingRow emit cancel → parent list se hata + API DELETE.
29

How do you share data globally across all Vue components? (Vuex/Pinia)

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimplePinia naya store: mutations nahi, seedha state. Vue 3 recommended.
defineStore. Vuex vs Pinia: naya project Pinia. Purana Vuex valid.
Component = reusable UI block (Navbar, Card). Props parent→child data, emit child→parent event. Slots parent HTML inner content.
computed cache + reactive derive (filtered list). watch side-effect (query change pe API). methods events. ref() primitive, reactive() object. Vuex/Pinia global store; localStorage persist, store nahi.
SFC: template + script + style ek .vue file. Parent-child exam favourite: list parent, row child :item + @delete.
Project example: stores/user.js. Agar Vuex hai to Pinia ka naam mat lo unless used.
30

Why did you use a static admin account instead of storing roles in the database?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleAssignment speed. Limitation one admin. Could migrate roles table. If DB roles, opposite.
Why static admin vs roles in DB.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Honest your seed.
31

If someone copies the /user URL into another browser, can they bypass login?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDoosre browser /user paste: token nahi → login. Guard + 401. Hash route sirf UI.
APIs protect. Hide-only security nahi.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Incognito URL dashboard → redirect / 401.
32

If a user changes their role in Local Storage (e.g., from doctor to admin), why are they able or unable to access admin pages?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleLS mein role=admin likhne se API nahi maanti. Signature + DB role.
Frontend v-if UX. Demo 403 Network. Authorization server pe.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Application LS edit role, admin API 403, UI maybe fool.
Viva tipIsliye authorization hamesha server pe. Frontend v-if sirf button hide karta hai, data leak nahi rokta.
33
Where is authentication enforced in your application?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleAuthentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password check karke prove karte ho ki tum genuine user ho. Success pe session/token milta hai.
Authorization: uske baad role check. Admin hi parking lot / venue / drive delete kar sakta hai, normal user nahi.
MAD2 mein yeh alag layers hain: login API = authentication (JWT milta hai). @roles_required('admin') ya Vue v-if="isAdmin" = authorization.
Validation alag cheez hai (form sahi bhara hai ya nahi, jaise age 18+). Authentication identity hai, authorization permission, validation input quality.
Example
```
# Authentication
if user and check_password_hash(user.password, form_password):
    token = create_access_token(identity=user.id)

# Authorization
if current_user.role != 'admin':
    abort(403)  # logged in ho, lekin allowed nahi
```
Project example: Student login = authentication. Student admin dashboard nahi khol sakta = authorization. Frontend button hide sirf UX hai — asli check backend pe hona chahiye.
Viva tip401 = not logged in / bad token. 403 = logged in, role galat. Examiner yeh difference bahut poochta hai.
34

Show your SQL models.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplemodels.py tour + draw. Design decisions unique/cascade.
SQL models = same.
ORM objects ko tables se map karta hai — raw SQL kam. SQLAlchemy MAD2 default.
class User(db.Model) + Column + relationship. query.filter_by / db.session.get. Fayda: portable SQLite→Postgres, injection se safer. Nuksaan: N+1, complex SQL.
SQLite file, zero server — course friendly. Postgres scale. Relationships: FK, backref, lazy/joinedload, cascade on delete. Constraints unique/not null integrity.
Bookings source of truth DB, Redis cache copy.
Project example: 3 relationships explain.
35

Why did you design your database this way?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleNormalize booking integrity roles M-M. Tradeoffs date vs datetime. Honest.
Why designed database this way.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: 3 decisions.
Project example: 3 decisions.
36
Difference between Primary Key and Unique Key.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimplePK row ka aadhaar number. FK doosre ke aadhaar ka reference. Unique alag constraint.
PK chosen candidate key, identity, ORM expect. UNIQUE+NOT NULL+AUTO_INCREMENT almost lekin PK use karo.
Relationship FK+PK. Unique email alag.
Example
```
user_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('user.id', ondelete='CASCADE'))
```
Project example: id PKs. FKs user_id. email unique.
Viva tipPK = chosen candidate key. UNIQUE+NOT NULL+AUTO_INCREMENT almost PK jaisa but PK table ka identity + default cluster/index + ORM expect karta hai.
37

Can a Unique Key be used to define relationships between tables?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleUnique identity nahi FK substitute. Unique extra (email) or 1-1 on FK.
Can unique key define relationships? No, use FK.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: email unique not a relationship.
38

How would you normalize your database to improve scalability?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simple1NF-3NF atomic no partial/transitive. Association M-M. Lookup tables. Kam anomalies.
How normalize improve scale. Why db design this way: FKs not duplicate strings.
ORM objects ko tables se map karta hai — raw SQL kam. SQLAlchemy MAD2 default.
class User(db.Model) + Column + relationship. query.filter_by / db.session.get. Fayda: portable SQLite→Postgres, injection se safer. Nuksaan: N+1, complex SQL.
SQLite file, zero server — course friendly. Postgres scale. Relationships: FK, backref, lazy/joinedload, cascade on delete. Constraints unique/not null integrity.
Bookings source of truth DB, Redis cache copy.
Project example: roles_users not role string on every user only — actually we have Role table.
39
What is Redis?

Times asked 21
Official solution

SimpleRedis fridge pe sticky note hai — poori kitchen (database) kholne ki zarurat nahi.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai. Data RAM mein rehta hai, isliye disk wale SQLite/Postgres se kai guna tez.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam karta hai:
1) Cache — same venue/show/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se mat nikaalo.
2) Celery message broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis band ho to cache miss ho jaata hai aur Celery queue ruk sakti hai. Crash pe cache gayab ho sakta hai — isliye important data sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Example
```
import redis
r = redis.Redis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)
r.set('venues', json.dumps(data), ex=30)
print(r.get('venues'))
```
Project example: GET /api/venues pehle Redis dekho. Miss pe SQLAlchemy query, phir SET with timeout. Celery worker Redis list se daily reminder uthata hai.
Viva tipCache ke liye db=1, broker ke liye db=0 rakhna smart hai taaki keys mix na hon. Viva mein redis-cli ping → PONG dikhana strong hai.
40
What is Celery?

Times asked 19
Official solution

SimpleCelery = background naukri. HTTP request ko 10 second email bhejne ke liye mat rokna.
Distributed task queue: aap function ko abhi nahi, worker process mein later/retry/schedule pe chalaate ho.
MAD2 typical jobs: daily reminder mail, monthly HTML report, user-triggered CSV export.
Web request 200ms hona chahiye. 10,000 emails request thread mein = timeout. Worker alag CPU pe kaam kare.
Redis broker chahiye. Beat alag process schedule ke liye.
Example
```
@celery.task
def daily_reminder():
    for u in User.query.filter_by(active=True):
        send_mail(u.email, 'Book something today!')
```
Project example: User Export click → 202 Accepted. Worker CSV + email. Daily 6pm Beat reminder.
Viva tipWorker + Redis bina Beat ke user-triggered chalega. Scheduled jobs ke liye Beat bhi chahiye.
41

Where have you implemented caching?

Times asked 7

Official solution

SimpleGET lists/stats @cache.cached. Mutations pe delete. CACHE_TYPE Redis.
Why each route: public repeated reads. User-private careful.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai — fridge pe sticky note, poori kitchen (SQL database) har baar mat kholo.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam: (1) cache — same venues/shows/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se nahi (2) Celery broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Flow: cache.get(key) → hit pe return, miss pe SQLAlchemy + SET with timeout. Admin write ke baad cache.delete, warna stale list.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis crash/band = cache miss (app chalni chahiye) + queue ruk sakti hai. Important bookings sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Alag: Redis ≠ Memcached (Celery broker nahi). Redis ≠ localStorage (woh browser). redis-cli ping → PONG viva proof.
Project example: File+line decorator. redis-cli get key optional.
42
How do you invalidate stale cache when the database changes?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleDB badli to purani copy phenk do, warna user jhooth dekhega.
Invalidation = cache key delete/update after create/update/delete.
Options: (1) cache.delete('venues') targeted (2) timeout auto-expire (3) cache.clear() nuclear — baaki routes bhi miss ho jaayenge.
Examiner: 'naya record insert kiya, cache purana' — write route mein delete dikhao, phir GET miss+hit demo.
Example
```
@app.route('/api/venues', methods=['POST'])
def create_venue():
    db.session.add(v)
    db.session.commit()
    cache.delete('venues')
    return jsonify(msg='created'), 201
```
Project example: POST /api/venues commit ke baad cache.delete. PUT/DELETE pe bhi same prefix.
Viva tipTimeout se auto-expire bhi hota hai. Create/update/delete ke baad related keys hatao.
43

What is a callback function?

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleFn later: setTimeout, then, addEventListener. Hell → async/await.
mounted callbacks.
JS browser ki language. const rebind nahi, let block. Arrow () => this lexical.
Promise: pending/fulfill/reject. async/await usko seedha padhne jaisa. try/catch await pe. Yeh Celery nahi — Celery Python worker.
fetch native AJAX. array.filter/map computed lists. Vue data reactive; plain JS DOM querySelector se manual.
Project example: fetch then vs await.
Project example: fetch then vs await.
44

Explain the fetch() request in one of your Vue components.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleURL method headers await json assign data errors. Explain fetch() in one Vue component. Show fetch API calls.
Line by line.
JS browser ki language. const rebind nahi, let block. Arrow () => this lexical.
Promise: pending/fulfill/reject. async/await usko seedha padhne jaisa. try/catch await pe. Yeh Celery nahi — Celery Python worker.
fetch native AJAX. array.filter/map computed lists. Vue data reactive; plain JS DOM querySelector se manual.
Project example: Venues.vue mounted.
Project example: Venues.vue mounted.
45
Open package.json and explain the purpose of the packages/dependencies used.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simplename scripts deps. vue vue-router vuex axios. Explain packages.
Open and explain purpose.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
{
  "scripts": { "dev": "vite", "build": "vite build" },
  "dependencies": { "vue": "^3.4.0" }
}
```
Project example: dependencies vs devDependencies.
46

What is Local Storage?

Times asked 4

Official solution

Simplewindow.localStorage key-value strings origin persist. Advantages: persist 5MB simple. Nuksaan XSS no expiry strings.
What is Local Storage. Advantages.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: setItem token.
47

What is Session Storage?

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimplesessionStorage tab close clear. Same API as LS.
What is Session Storage.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: If unused, theory vs LS.
Project example: If unused, theory vs LS.
48

What are Cookies?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleSmall strings sent with requests unless JS-only flags HttpOnly Secure SameSite.
What are Cookies.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Session id or empty.
Project example: Session id or empty.
49

Difference between Local Storage, Session Storage, and Cookies.

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleLS persist 5MB XSS-readable. SS tab-scoped. Cookies chhote auto-send httpOnly possible.
JWT LS common student MAD2 — v-html untrusted mat. Logout removeItem.
Vuex RAM refresh gayab unless rehydrate LS.
Authentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password hash check. Success pe JWT/session. Galat credentials = 401.
Authorization: uske baad role. Admin hi venue/lot delete kare, student nahi = 403 (logged in ho, allowed nahi).
MAD2: POST /api/login = authentication. @jwt_required identity. @roles_required('admin') ya Vue v-if="isAdmin" = authorization. Frontend hide sirf UX — asli deny backend pe.
Validation alag: form sahi bhara (email format, age 18+). Woh identity prove nahi karta. Password store hash (Werkzeug), JWT payload padha ja sakta hai isliye secret mat daalo.
Project example: Application tab localStorage token key. Cookies empty if JWT LS.
Viva tipJWT ko localStorage common hai MAD2 student projects mein — XSS se bacho (v-html untrusted mat).

See reviews Level2_86 MAD2 Level 1

Aug 1, 2026

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1

Demonstrate your complete application.

Times asked 7

Official solution

SimpleDemo 5–7 min ki kahani: saari roles, koi milestone skip nahi, bolte-bolte dikhao.
Examiner list tick karta hai. Crash ho to panic nahi — terminal error padho.
Code tab kholna jab poochhein. Extra uncommitted features mat dikhana agar portal ZIP mein nahi.
Suggested flow1) Register/login user
2) Admin login — CRUD
3) Approval/blacklist
4) Booking/apply + edge case
5) Search + charts
6) CSV export / email job
7) Logout
Project example: Jo statement/parking/jobs/tickets hai uske user+admin journeys.
Viva tipBol: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Mandatory features pehle, polish baad.
2

Show and explain your models/controllers.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleEach class PK/FK relationships why. Random line ready.
serialize hide password.
ORM objects ko tables se map karta hai — raw SQL kam. SQLAlchemy MAD2 default.
class User(db.Model) + Column + relationship. query.filter_by / db.session.get. Fayda: portable SQLite→Postgres, injection se safer. Nuksaan: N+1, complex SQL.
SQLite file, zero server — course friendly. Postgres scale. Relationships: FK, backref, lazy/joinedload, cascade on delete. Constraints unique/not null integrity.
Bookings source of truth DB, Redis cache copy.
Project example: models.py top to bottom 3 min.
3

Show the Vue components you created.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplesrc tree. Open 2 SFCs. props/emit if any. Show Vue components you created. Show all Vue components.
Count.
Component = reusable UI block (Navbar, Card). Props parent→child data, emit child→parent event. Slots parent HTML inner content.
computed cache + reactive derive (filtered list). watch side-effect (query change pe API). methods events. ref() primitive, reactive() object. Vuex/Pinia global store; localStorage persist, store nahi.
SFC: template + script + style ek .vue file. Parent-child exam favourite: list parent, row child :item + @delete.
Project example: explorer.
4

Show the cached API endpoints and explain how cache invalidation works.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDecorator + Redis ping + invalidation line + miss/hit demo idea.
Kaunsi routes, timeout, key_prefix, query_string. POST pe nahi.
print after set sirf miss. Timeout chhota karke expiry.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai — fridge pe sticky note, poori kitchen (SQL database) har baar mat kholo.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam: (1) cache — same venues/shows/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se nahi (2) Celery broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Flow: cache.get(key) → hit pe return, miss pe SQLAlchemy + SET with timeout. Admin write ke baad cache.delete, warna stale list.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis crash/band = cache miss (app chalni chahiye) + queue ruk sakti hai. Important bookings sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Alag: Redis ≠ Memcached (Celery broker nahi). Redis ≠ localStorage (woh browser). redis-cli ping → PONG viva proof.
Project example: resources list GET cached. create_venue delete key.
5

Show your Celery implementation and scheduled jobs.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleTask function, beat dict, delay() call, worker+beat terminals, MailHog/CSV.
App context DB. Args serializable. How many jobs: reminder, monthly, export — gino honestly.
Celery Python ka distributed task queue — HTTP request ko 10s email/CSV ke liye mat rokna.
Flow: Flask .delay() → Redis broker → Worker execute. Beat alag process hai (clock): crontab padhke due time pe queue mein daalta hai. Beat khud mail nahi bhejta; Worker haath hai.
MAD2 typical: daily reminder (Beat), monthly report (Beat), user Export CSV (button, Beat nahi). JS async/await browser event loop hai, Celery server-side process — mix mat karo.
Demo: tin terminals — redis-server, celery worker, celery beat — plus Flask. MailHog :8025 inbox. Result backend se task SUCCESS poll optional.
Project example: tasks.py + config schedule + POST export.
6

Show the job scheduling reports.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDemo 5–7 min ki kahani: saari roles, koi milestone skip nahi, bolte-bolte dikhao.
Examiner list tick karta hai. Crash ho to panic nahi — terminal error padho.
Code tab kholna jab poochhein. Extra uncommitted features mat dikhana agar portal ZIP mein nahi.
Suggested flow1) Register/login user
2) Admin login — CRUD
3) Approval/blacklist
4) Booking/apply + edge case
5) Search + charts
6) CSV export / email job
7) Logout
Project example: Jo statement/parking/jobs/tickets hai uske user+admin journeys.
Viva tipBol: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Mandatory features pehle, polish baad.
7

Show how emails are sent using SMTP.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleMAIL config Message MailHog. Show how emails sent SMTP. Show Celery-generated emails. Where email sending logic.
tasks.py + MailHog.
Flask-Mail / SMTP se mail. Local MailHog fake server: SMTP 1025, UI 8025 — internet nahi, viva safe.
Asli send Celery task mein, request thread mein nahi. Beat 6pm reminder, export ke baad CSV attach optional.
MAIL_SERVER localhost demo. Gmail SMTP student account pe block common. Body mein user name personalization examiner dekhta hai.
Project example: screenshot 8025.
8
Show how CSV export is implemented.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleClick → Celery → worker CSV → email/download. Columns verify.
csv module. Auth required. Don't freeze UI — 202 + poll.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Example
```
@celery.task
def export_venues_csv(user_id):
    rows = Venue.query.all()
    # csv.writer, mail.send
    return 'ok'
```
Project example: Admin export venues. MailHog attach ya file open.
Viva tipNetwork tab mein job trigger API dikhao, phir MailHog/file open karke columns verify karo.
9

Show how JWT is stored in the browser.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDevTools Application LS. Key name. Logout clears. How JWT stored browser.
Show where token stored frontend.
Authentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password hash check. Success pe JWT/session. Galat credentials = 401.
Authorization: uske baad role. Admin hi venue/lot delete kare, student nahi = 403 (logged in ho, allowed nahi).
MAD2: POST /api/login = authentication. @jwt_required identity. @roles_required('admin') ya Vue v-if="isAdmin" = authorization. Frontend hide sirf UX — asli deny backend pe.
Validation alag: form sahi bhara (email format, age 18+). Woh identity prove nahi karta. Password store hash (Werkzeug), JWT payload padha ja sakta hai isliye secret mat daalo.
Project example: Application tab.
10
Explain your API authentication flow in code.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleLogin JWT LS header. Teen fails: wrong pass 401, no token 401, user→admin URL 403.
Register, login both roles, logout clears token.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Example
```
fetch('/api/venues', {
  headers: { Authorization: 'Bearer ' + localStorage.getItem('token') }
})
```
Project example: Two browsers student+admin.
Viva tipWrong password 401, bina token 401, user URL admin pe 403 — teen cases dikhana strong hai.
11
How have you implemented authentication?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleLogin flow pehle poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", token milne ke baad har API pe wohi proof dikhate ho.
Authentication step: Vue form email + password JSON POST karta hai. Flask user dhoondhta hai, check_password_hash se prove karta hai ki tum genuine ho. Galat 401. Sahi pe JWT + role milta hai — yeh session/token hai.
Vue localStorage (ya cookie) mein token rakhta hai, dashboard pe router.push. Aage ki har fetch header: Authorization: Bearer <token>. @jwt_required identity check (authentication). @roles_required('admin') permission check (authorization) — logged in ho, lekin allowed nahi to 403.
Validation alag cheez hai: empty email, password 8+ — form sahi bhara hai ya nahi. Woh identity prove nahi karta.
Logout = client token delete + login page. Server blacklist optional. Password response JSON mein kabhi mat bhejo.
Example
```
# Authentication
@app.route('/api/login', methods=['POST'])
def login():
    u = User.query.filter_by(email=data['email']).first()
    if not u or not check_password_hash(u.password, data['password']):
        return jsonify(msg='bad'), 401
    return jsonify(token=create_access_token(u.id), role=u.role)

# baad ki APIs
# Authorization: Bearer <token>
if current_user.role != 'admin':
    abort(403)
```
Project example: Login.vue POST /api/login → token LS → interceptor. Student token se admin route = 403. Empty form = validation, galat password = 401.
Viva tipNetwork tab mein password body dikhega localhost pe — prod HTTPS. Response mein hash/password echo mat karo.
12

How is route protection (login_required / JWT authentication) implemented?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimplebeforeEach + @jwt_required dual layer. login_required / JWT.
How route protection implemented.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: router.js + resources.py.
Project example: router.js + resources.py.
13

How have you implemented RBAC?

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleRoles table, assignment, decorator, UI meta. Example admin vs user endpoint.
Admin authenticated AND authorized. User authenticated not authorized admin.
Authentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password hash check. Success pe JWT/session. Galat credentials = 401.
Authorization: uske baad role. Admin hi venue/lot delete kare, student nahi = 403 (logged in ho, allowed nahi).
MAD2: POST /api/login = authentication. @jwt_required identity. @roles_required('admin') ya Vue v-if="isAdmin" = authorization. Frontend hide sirf UX — asli deny backend pe.
Validation alag: form sahi bhara (email format, age 18+). Woh identity prove nahi karta. Password store hash (Werkzeug), JWT payload padha ja sakta hai isliye secret mat daalo.
Project example: roles_required admin stats. User 403 Postman.
14

Why is password hashing required?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDB dump ≠ password leak (still reset). Ethics + course security.
check hash on login. Slow hash+salt rainbow rokta.
Authentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password hash check. Success pe JWT/session. Galat credentials = 401.
Authorization: uske baad role. Admin hi venue/lot delete kare, student nahi = 403 (logged in ho, allowed nahi).
MAD2: POST /api/login = authentication. @jwt_required identity. @roles_required('admin') ya Vue v-if="isAdmin" = authorization. Frontend hide sirf UX — asli deny backend pe.
Validation alag: form sahi bhara (email format, age 18+). Woh identity prove nahi karta. Password store hash (Werkzeug), JWT payload padha ja sakta hai isliye secret mat daalo.
Project example: DB browser hashed passwords.
15

Have you implemented password hashing?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleHaan generate_password_hash. Never plain. Show register.
If missing, admit + how to add.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: User.password field.
Project example: User.password field.
16

Why are you using fs_uniquifier?

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleLogout all devices / password change. JWT blacklist alternative.
If JWT only maybe unused — honest.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: If Security used, column dikhao.
Project example: If Security used, column dikhao.
17
What are Vue lifecycle hooks? Explain the ones you used.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleLifecycle = component ki zindagi ke stages. API call tab jab DOM ready ho — mounted.
created: instance bani, this data, DOM nahi. mounted/onMounted: page pe aa gaya — fetch, Chart.js, setInterval.
updated: data change ke baad. unmounted: cleanup (clearInterval) warna memory leak.
Dashboards onMounted isliye: canvas/API tab valid. created mein $el nahi.
Composition: onMounted(() => {}) setup ke andar.
Example
```
export default {
  async mounted() {
    const r = await fetch('/api/venues')
    this.venues = await r.json()
  }
}
```
Project example: Venues.vue mounted fetch list. Clock component unmounted pe interval clear.
Viva tipcreated: data setup, DOM nahi. mounted/onMounted: $el mil gaya — fetch yahi. Dashboards isliye onMounted use karti hain.
18
What are Props in Vue?

Times asked 5
Official solution

SimpleProps parent ki thali child ko dena. Child thali tod ke parent ki thali na badle — emit bolo.
Declare props, parent :venue="v". One-way. Mutate mat. Types/required Vue 3.
List parent, card child — classic viva.
Component = reusable UI block (Navbar, Card). Props parent→child data, emit child→parent event. Slots parent HTML inner content.
computed cache + reactive derive (filtered list). watch side-effect (query change pe API). methods events. ref() primitive, reactive() object. Vuex/Pinia global store; localStorage persist, store nahi.
SFC: template + script + style ek .vue file. Parent-child exam favourite: list parent, row child :item + @delete.
Example
```
<VenueCard :venue="v" @select="onSelect" />
props: ['venue']
this.$emit('select', this.venue.id)
```
Project example: VenueCard :venue. Child $emit('select', id).
19

Show a Vue component and explain its fetch() request and lifecycle hook.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleOne component mounted fetch headers error. Line by line. Show a Vue component fetch and lifecycle.
async await.
JS browser ki language. const rebind nahi, let block. Arrow () => this lexical.
Promise: pending/fulfill/reject. async/await usko seedha padhne jaisa. try/catch await pe. Yeh Celery nahi — Celery Python worker.
fetch native AJAX. array.filter/map computed lists. Vue data reactive; plain JS DOM querySelector se manual.
Project example: Home.vue.
Project example: Home.vue.
20
What is a Single File Component (SFC)?

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleSFC ek .vue file: template + script + style. Reusable scoped CSS.
Pages route-level. Components andar. Vue 2 one root; Vue 3 fragments.
Component = reusable UI block (Navbar, Card). Props parent→child data, emit child→parent event. Slots parent HTML inner content.
computed cache + reactive derive (filtered list). watch side-effect (query change pe API). methods events. ref() primitive, reactive() object. Vuex/Pinia global store; localStorage persist, store nahi.
SFC: template + script + style ek .vue file. Parent-child exam favourite: list parent, row child :item + @delete.
Example
```
<template><div>{{ venue.name }}</div></template>
<script>export default { props: ['venue'] }</script>
<style scoped>.card{padding:8px}</style>
```
Project example: VenueCard.vue props. views/Home.vue page.
21

How do you create a new route in Vue?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleSFC, routes.js entry, router-link. How create new route Vue.
Live common.
SPA = ek HTML, Vue Router se views, full reload nahi. MPA = MAD1 Jinja har URL naya HTML.
Vue Router: routes array, router-view, router-link, meta.auth + beforeEach guard. Dynamic /venues/:id → $route.params.id.
Vite/CLI SFC + npm build dist/. CDN script tag, no SFC. Jo tumne use kiya wahi justify. Flask send_from_directory('dist') production pattern.
Project example: Copy Dashboard → Foo.
Project example: Copy Dashboard → Foo.
22
What are Parent Routes and Child Routes?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleRouter URL ko component se map karta hai. Google Maps for pages.
routes array path+component. router-view jagah. router-link reload nahi.
meta.auth + beforeEach guard. Dynamic /venues/:id.
Nayi page: SFC + routes entry + link.
Example
```
const routes = [
  { path: '/', component: Home },
  { path: '/login', component: Login },
  { path: '/venues/:id', component: VenueDetail, meta: { auth: true } },
]
```
Project example: routes.js Login, Register, UserHome, AdminHome, 404.
Viva tipNayi page: component banao, routes array mein path, router-link se jao.
23
What is Redis?

Times asked 21
Official solution

SimpleRedis fridge pe sticky note hai — poori kitchen (database) kholne ki zarurat nahi.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai. Data RAM mein rehta hai, isliye disk wale SQLite/Postgres se kai guna tez.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam karta hai:
1) Cache — same venue/show/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se mat nikaalo.
2) Celery message broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis band ho to cache miss ho jaata hai aur Celery queue ruk sakti hai. Crash pe cache gayab ho sakta hai — isliye important data sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Example
```
import redis
r = redis.Redis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)
r.set('venues', json.dumps(data), ex=30)
print(r.get('venues'))
```
Project example: GET /api/venues pehle Redis dekho. Miss pe SQLAlchemy query, phir SET with timeout. Celery worker Redis list se daily reminder uthata hai.
Viva tipCache ke liye db=1, broker ke liye db=0 rakhna smart hai taaki keys mix na hon. Viva mein redis-cli ping → PONG dikhana strong hai.
24

Why is Redis faster than a relational database?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleFast kyunki RAM + simple commands, joins nahi.
Disk seek milliseconds, RAM microseconds. Redis single-threaded lekin har op chhoti.
Compare: SQLite file lock writes pe. Redis in-memory SET. Persistence RDB/AOF extra, default viva mein RAM.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai — fridge pe sticky note, poori kitchen (SQL database) har baar mat kholo.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam: (1) cache — same venues/shows/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se nahi (2) Celery broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Flow: cache.get(key) → hit pe return, miss pe SQLAlchemy + SET with timeout. Admin write ke baad cache.delete, warna stale list.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis crash/band = cache miss (app chalni chahiye) + queue ruk sakti hai. Important bookings sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Alag: Redis ≠ Memcached (Celery broker nahi). Redis ≠ localStorage (woh browser). redis-cli ping → PONG viva proof.
Project example: Same JSON cache vs query.join — Network timing dikhao.
25

How have you implemented Redis?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simpledb indexes cache vs broker, ping, which keys, why used.
Physical RAM. Vue nahi. Hit miss. Celery alag.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai — fridge pe sticky note, poori kitchen (SQL database) har baar mat kholo.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam: (1) cache — same venues/shows/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se nahi (2) Celery broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Flow: cache.get(key) → hit pe return, miss pe SQLAlchemy + SET with timeout. Admin write ke baad cache.delete, warna stale list.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis crash/band = cache miss (app chalni chahiye) + queue ruk sakti hai. Important bookings sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Alag: Redis ≠ Memcached (Celery broker nahi). Redis ≠ localStorage (woh browser). redis-cli ping → PONG viva proof.
Project example: config URLs + decorator + celery broker.
26
What is caching?

Times asked 23
Official solution

SimpleCache = pehli baar hisaab karke copy rakh lo, doosri baar copy dikha do.
Baar-baar same expensive kaam (DB query, counting bookings) mat karo. Result Redis jaise store mein timeout ke saath rakh do.
Cache hit: key mil gayi, DB skip. Cache miss: DB se lao, SET karo, return karo.
Tradeoff: speed vs stale data. Admin naya venue add kare aur cache 50s ka ho to user purani list dekh sakta hai — isliye write pe invalidation zaroori hai.
Browser cache, Flask-Caching, Redis alag layers hain. MAD2 examiner Redis + @cache.cached code dekhta hai.
Example
```
@cache.cached(timeout=50, query_string=True)
@app.route('/api/shows')
def shows():
    return jsonify([s.serialize() for s in Show.query.all()])
```
Project example: Admin dashboard counts / venues list cache. Create/update/delete ke baad cache.delete('venues').
Viva tipprint('DB queried') function ke andar laga ke miss/hit demo karo — hit pe print nahi chalega.
27

Why do we need caching?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleCache isliye taaki 100 users same dashboard pe DB ko 100 baar na maror dein.
Problem: repeated reads, slow page, extra load. Cache seconds ke liye snapshot deta hai.
Nahi use karna: har second badalne wala live stock, user-private secret data bina soch ke (key mein user_id hona chahiye).
Memoization caching ka subset hai (function args). HTTP 304 / browser cache alag layer.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai — fridge pe sticky note, poori kitchen (SQL database) har baar mat kholo.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam: (1) cache — same venues/shows/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se nahi (2) Celery broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Flow: cache.get(key) → hit pe return, miss pe SQLAlchemy + SET with timeout. Admin write ke baad cache.delete, warna stale list.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis crash/band = cache miss (app chalni chahiye) + queue ruk sakti hai. Important bookings sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Alag: Redis ≠ Memcached (Celery broker nahi). Redis ≠ localStorage (woh browser). redis-cli ping → PONG viva proof.
Project example: Shows list har user dekhta hai — perfect cache. Booking POST cache nahi — har baar write.
28

Where have you implemented caching?

Times asked 7

Official solution

SimpleGET lists/stats @cache.cached. Mutations pe delete. CACHE_TYPE Redis.
Why each route: public repeated reads. User-private careful.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai — fridge pe sticky note, poori kitchen (SQL database) har baar mat kholo.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam: (1) cache — same venues/shows/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se nahi (2) Celery broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Flow: cache.get(key) → hit pe return, miss pe SQLAlchemy + SET with timeout. Admin write ke baad cache.delete, warna stale list.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis crash/band = cache miss (app chalni chahiye) + queue ruk sakti hai. Important bookings sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Alag: Redis ≠ Memcached (Celery broker nahi). Redis ≠ localStorage (woh browser). redis-cli ping → PONG viva proof.
Project example: File+line decorator. redis-cli get key optional.
29
How do you invalidate/delete cache?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleDB badli to purani copy phenk do, warna user jhooth dekhega.
Invalidation = cache key delete/update after create/update/delete.
Options: (1) cache.delete('venues') targeted (2) timeout auto-expire (3) cache.clear() nuclear — baaki routes bhi miss ho jaayenge.
Examiner: 'naya record insert kiya, cache purana' — write route mein delete dikhao, phir GET miss+hit demo.
Example
```
@app.route('/api/venues', methods=['POST'])
def create_venue():
    db.session.add(v)
    db.session.commit()
    cache.delete('venues')
    return jsonify(msg='created'), 201
```
Project example: POST /api/venues commit ke baad cache.delete. PUT/DELETE pe bhi same prefix.
Viva tipTimeout se auto-expire bhi hota hai. Create/update/delete ke baad related keys hatao.
30

Difference between Caching and Memoization.

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleMemoize args-aware. cached view/URL. Prefixes differ.
Same Redis. Different key recipe.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai — fridge pe sticky note, poori kitchen (SQL database) har baar mat kholo.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam: (1) cache — same venues/shows/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se nahi (2) Celery broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Flow: cache.get(key) → hit pe return, miss pe SQLAlchemy + SET with timeout. Admin write ke baad cache.delete, warna stale list.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis crash/band = cache miss (app chalni chahiye) + queue ruk sakti hai. Important bookings sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Alag: Redis ≠ Memcached (Celery broker nahi). Redis ≠ localStorage (woh browser). redis-cli ping → PONG viva proof.
Project example: Two decorators two files explain.
31

What is Memoization?

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleMemoize = function(args) ka answer copy. Caching broader (HTTP, Redis, page).
Fibonacci textbook. Flask @cache.memoize. cached whole view.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai — fridge pe sticky note, poori kitchen (SQL database) har baar mat kholo.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam: (1) cache — same venues/shows/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se nahi (2) Celery broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Flow: cache.get(key) → hit pe return, miss pe SQLAlchemy + SET with timeout. Admin write ke baad cache.delete, warna stale list.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis crash/band = cache miss (app chalni chahiye) + queue ruk sakti hai. Important bookings sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Alag: Redis ≠ Memcached (Celery broker nahi). Redis ≠ localStorage (woh browser). redis-cli ping → PONG viva proof.
Project example: get_user(id) memoize. venues list cached.
32

Explain Celery with respect to your project.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleTasks list, schedule, broker, trigger, verify MailHog/logs.
Beat vs worker. User vs scheduled. App context.
Celery Python ka distributed task queue — HTTP request ko 10s email/CSV ke liye mat rokna.
Flow: Flask .delay() → Redis broker → Worker execute. Beat alag process hai (clock): crontab padhke due time pe queue mein daalta hai. Beat khud mail nahi bhejta; Worker haath hai.
MAD2 typical: daily reminder (Beat), monthly report (Beat), user Export CSV (button, Beat nahi). JS async/await browser event loop hai, Celery server-side process — mix mat karo.
Demo: tin terminals — redis-server, celery worker, celery beat — plus Flask. MailHog :8025 inbox. Result backend se task SUCCESS poll optional.
Project example: Three tasks. Commands README.
33

How many Celery jobs have you implemented?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleGino jo implement: generally reminder, monthly, export. Beat schedule dikhao.
Don't claim 5 if 2.
Celery Python ka distributed task queue — HTTP request ko 10s email/CSV ke liye mat rokna.
Flow: Flask .delay() → Redis broker → Worker execute. Beat alag process hai (clock): crontab padhke due time pe queue mein daalta hai. Beat khud mail nahi bhejta; Worker haath hai.
MAD2 typical: daily reminder (Beat), monthly report (Beat), user Export CSV (button, Beat nahi). JS async/await browser event loop hai, Celery server-side process — mix mat karo.
Demo: tin terminals — redis-server, celery worker, celery beat — plus Flask. MailHog :8025 inbox. Result backend se task SUCCESS poll optional.
Project example: Open beat dict count keys + extra delay() tasks.
34

What did you use Celery for?

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleIsliye ki user wait na kare, retry mil jaaye, 6pm automatic ho jaaye.
Slow work (mail, CSV, PDF) request se alag. Schedule crontab. Scale = aur workers.
JS async/await alag cheez hai (browser event loop). Celery server-side process.
Celery Python ka distributed task queue — HTTP request ko 10s email/CSV ke liye mat rokna.
Flow: Flask .delay() → Redis broker → Worker execute. Beat alag process hai (clock): crontab padhke due time pe queue mein daalta hai. Beat khud mail nahi bhejta; Worker haath hai.
MAD2 typical: daily reminder (Beat), monthly report (Beat), user Export CSV (button, Beat nahi). JS async/await browser event loop hai, Celery server-side process — mix mat karo.
Demo: tin terminals — redis-server, celery worker, celery beat — plus Flask. MailHog :8025 inbox. Result backend se task SUCCESS poll optional.
Project example: Reminder 6pm, monthly 1st, export button. Teen alag tasks.py functions.
35

Which database have you used?

Times asked 4

Official solution

SimpleSQLite file, zero setup, relational tables/FK. Redis NoSQL cache not primary.
NoSQL examples Mongo, Redis-as-DB. MAD2 models relational.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: sqlite:///app.db. Redis 6379 alag.
36

Is it a relational database or NoSQL database?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleSQLite/Postgres relational. Redis NoSQL used as cache not models.
Don't say 'we used NoSQL' if only Redis cache.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: models.py tables = relational.
37

What is a relational database?

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleRDBMS tables SQL. SQLite/Postgres/MySQL. Database data, DBMS software.
SQLite engine + file. DBMS vs DB difference favourite.
ORM objects ko tables se map karta hai — raw SQL kam. SQLAlchemy MAD2 default.
class User(db.Model) + Column + relationship. query.filter_by / db.session.get. Fayda: portable SQLite→Postgres, injection se safer. Nuksaan: N+1, complex SQL.
SQLite file, zero server — course friendly. Postgres scale. Relationships: FK, backref, lazy/joinedload, cascade on delete. Constraints unique/not null integrity.
Bookings source of truth DB, Redis cache copy.
Project example: SQLite DBMS, app.db database file.
38

What is a NoSQL database?

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleNon-relational: Mongo docs, Redis kv, Cassandra. Flexible schema.
MAD2 Redis cache. Primary models SQL.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Not Mongo. Redis yes.
Project example: Not Mongo. Redis yes.
39

What is a Primary Key?

Times asked 5

Official solution

SimplePrimary Key unique not null identity. Usually integer autoincrement.
Candidate keys mein se chosen. Composite PK possible, course simple id.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Har model id = db.Integer primary_key=True.
40

Why are database integrity constraints required?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDB last guard garbage data. Concurrent + bugs. Duplicate email, orphan bookings.
Why integrity constraints required.
ORM objects ko tables se map karta hai — raw SQL kam. SQLAlchemy MAD2 default.
class User(db.Model) + Column + relationship. query.filter_by / db.session.get. Fayda: portable SQLite→Postgres, injection se safer. Nuksaan: N+1, complex SQL.
SQLite file, zero server — course friendly. Postgres scale. Relationships: FK, backref, lazy/joinedload, cascade on delete. Constraints unique/not null integrity.
Bookings source of truth DB, Redis cache copy.
Project example: Demo duplicate register 400.
41
What is database indexing?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleIndex kitab ki suchi — search tez, write thoda mehnga.
B-tree typically. filter wale columns, FKs. Over-index mat.
joinedload N+1 alag.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
db.Column(db.String(80), index=True)
db.Index('ix_name_city', User.name, User.city)
```
Project example: email index, venue.name search index.
42
What is joinedload?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleN+1: 1 query users + 100 queries bookings. joinedload ek JOIN mein laao.
Kab: list+children hamesha. Kab nahi: children kabhi kabhi — lazy.
subqueryload alternative.
ORM objects ko tables se map karta hai — raw SQL kam. SQLAlchemy MAD2 default.
class User(db.Model) + Column + relationship. query.filter_by / db.session.get. Fayda: portable SQLite→Postgres, injection se safer. Nuksaan: N+1, complex SQL.
SQLite file, zero server — course friendly. Postgres scale. Relationships: FK, backref, lazy/joinedload, cascade on delete. Constraints unique/not null integrity.
Bookings source of truth DB, Redis cache copy.
Example
```
users = User.query.options(joinedload(User.bookings)).all()
```
Project example: Admin users with bookings dashboard.
43

Why did you use joinedload?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimplePerf list+children one SQL. EXPLAIN advanced. N+1 avoid.
Why did you use joinedload.
ORM objects ko tables se map karta hai — raw SQL kam. SQLAlchemy MAD2 default.
class User(db.Model) + Column + relationship. query.filter_by / db.session.get. Fayda: portable SQLite→Postgres, injection se safer. Nuksaan: N+1, complex SQL.
SQLite file, zero server — course friendly. Postgres scale. Relationships: FK, backref, lazy/joinedload, cascade on delete. Constraints unique/not null integrity.
Bookings source of truth DB, Redis cache copy.
Project example: If not used: would add on admin users list.
44

Write the query without using joinedload.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleTwo queries or lazy N+1. Manual join(). Write without joinedload.
Accept extra queries or .join().
ORM objects ko tables se map karta hai — raw SQL kam. SQLAlchemy MAD2 default.
class User(db.Model) + Column + relationship. query.filter_by / db.session.get. Fayda: portable SQLite→Postgres, injection se safer. Nuksaan: N+1, complex SQL.
SQLite file, zero server — course friendly. Postgres scale. Relationships: FK, backref, lazy/joinedload, cascade on delete. Constraints unique/not null integrity.
Bookings source of truth DB, Redis cache copy.
Project example: User.query.join(Booking)...
45
In what situations should joinedload be used? (N+1 Query Problem)

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleN+1: 1 query users + 100 queries bookings. joinedload ek JOIN mein laao.
Kab: list+children hamesha. Kab nahi: children kabhi kabhi — lazy.
subqueryload alternative.
ORM objects ko tables se map karta hai — raw SQL kam. SQLAlchemy MAD2 default.
class User(db.Model) + Column + relationship. query.filter_by / db.session.get. Fayda: portable SQLite→Postgres, injection se safer. Nuksaan: N+1, complex SQL.
SQLite file, zero server — course friendly. Postgres scale. Relationships: FK, backref, lazy/joinedload, cascade on delete. Constraints unique/not null integrity.
Bookings source of truth DB, Redis cache copy.
Example
```
users = User.query.options(joinedload(User.bookings)).all()
```
Project example: Admin users with bookings dashboard.
46
What is a decorator?

Times asked 3
Official solution

SimpleDecorator wrap function @app.route @cache @celery.task @auth. Reusable cross-cut.
Different from normal function: HOF wrap, miss easy if manual if. DRY order readable.
Why use decorator: one place policy. @roles_required instantly.
Flask Python micro web framework. Route decorator URL → function. MAD2 mein JSON API: request.get_json(), jsonify, JWT.
WSGI: server (Werkzeug) app ko call. if __name__ == '__main__' sirf direct run. Factory create_app() test/celery ke liye.
Blueprint/resources folders. @app.route vs MethodView. Debug=True viva local, prod nahi. CORS alag port Vue ke liye.
Example
```
def hello_world(fn):
    def wrapper(*a, **k):
        print('Hello World')
        return fn(*a, **k)
    return wrapper

@hello_world
def ping():
    return 'pong'
```
Project example: Stack jwt then role. Explain trio route cached task.
47

Why use a decorator instead of a normal function?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDeclarative, order, reuse, less miss. vs normal function call.
Why use decorator instead of normal function.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Five admin routes one decorator.
48
Difference between jsonify and json.dumps.

Times asked 2
Official solution

Simplejsonify Flask ka JSON response + sahi Content-Type. dumps sirf string.
marshal schema. serialize models. pickle APIs pe nahi.
Flask Python micro web framework. Route decorator URL → function. MAD2 mein JSON API: request.get_json(), jsonify, JWT.
WSGI: server (Werkzeug) app ko call. if __name__ == '__main__' sirf direct run. Factory create_app() test/celery ke liye.
Blueprint/resources folders. @app.route vs MethodView. Debug=True viva local, prod nahi. CORS alag port Vue ke liye.
Example
```
return jsonify(users=[{'id': u.id, 'email': u.email} for u in User.query.all()])
```
Project example: return jsonify(users=[u.serialize() for u in users])
49

What are WebSockets?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleWebSocket ek phone call hai (dono bolte rehte). HTTP postcard hai (ek request-response).
Persistent two-way. Chat, live scores. MAD2 generally REST + kabhi poll.
Webhook ≠ WebSocket. ws:// / wss://.
HTTP postcard (request-response). WebSocket phone call (dono taraf live). SSE radio (server→client stream). Webhook unka server tumhe POST karta hai (payment).
MAD2 mostly REST. Live dashboard = poll + Redis cache kaafi. Agar implement nahi kiya to design bolo, jhoot mat.
Project example: Humne REST use kiya. Live dashboard ke liye poll/cache. WebSocket extra hota.
Viva tipMAD2 mein mostly REST + polling. Webhook ≠ WebSocket.
50
What are Webhooks?

Times asked 7
Official solution

SimpleWebhook = woh tumhe call karta hai. API = tum unhe call karte ho.
Payment success pe Stripe tumhare /webhooks/payment pe POST. Tum poll nahi karte.
API pull, webhook push. WebSocket dono taraf live connection. SSE server→client stream.
MAD2 mostly REST APIs. Webhook theory + example kaafi. Verify signature production mein.
Example
```
@app.route('/webhooks/payment', methods=['POST'])
def hook():
    event = request.json
    ...
```
Project example: Agar implement nahi: 'course REST. Webhook design: POST /webhooks/booking-paid'.
Viva tipAPI pull, webhook push. WebSocket dono taraf live. SSE server → client stream.
51

If your application had 1 million users and all reminder emails had to be sent within 15 minutes, how would you scale the system?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleN workers chunk users bulk SMTP/API monitor queue. 1 million emails 15 min.
Scale reminder blast.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Celery concurrency + dedicated mailer. Not one loop sync.

See reviews Level2_94 MAD1 Level 1

Aug 1, 2026

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1

Demonstrate your application.

Times asked 8

Official solution

SimpleDemo script pehle se practice karo, 5-7 minute, saari roles.
Suggested flow
1) Register/login user 2) Admin login — CRUD 3) Approval/blacklist 4) Booking/apply 5) Search 6) Validation edge (slots 0, duplicate) 7) Logout
Bolte-bolte dikhao: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Code tab kholna jab poochhein.
Crash ho to debug calmly: terminal error, typo, DB path.
Mandatory features skip mat karna — examiner list tick karta hai.
2
Change a button in the navigation bar to the right.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh live UI/CSS change hai. Examiner jo element bole uski CSS turant badlo.
Bootstrap class badlo (btn-primary → btn-success, bg-dark → bg-warning) ya inline style='color:red; background:#eee'.
Center: d-flex justify-content-center text-center. Navbar neeche: navbar fixed-bottom.
Example
```
<button class='btn btn-success' style='background:#16a34a'>Book</button>
```
Pehle browser inspect karke class dhundo, phir template mein change karke refresh.
3
Change a heading (e.g., "List of Songs" → "Songs").

Times asked 1
Official solution

Yeh live UI/CSS change hai. Examiner jo element bole uski CSS turant badlo.
Bootstrap class badlo (btn-primary → btn-success, bg-dark → bg-warning) ya inline style='color:red; background:#eee'.
Center: d-flex justify-content-center text-center. Navbar neeche: navbar fixed-bottom.
Example
```
<button class='btn btn-success' style='background:#16a34a'>Book</button>
```
Pehle browser inspect karke class dhundo, phir template mein change karke refresh.
4
Show your database models and explain the relationships (one-to-one, one-to-many, etc.).

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleRelationships tables ko jodti hain taaki related data object se mil jaaye.
One-to-Many: User → kai Posts. posts = relationship('Post', backref='author'). FK post.user_id.
One-to-One: User → Profile. uselist=False + unique FK. Profile.user_id unique.
Many-to-Many: Student ↔ Drive. Junction/secondary table (student_id, drive_id).
Example 1-1:
```
class Profile(db.Model):
    user_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('user.id'), unique=True)
    user = db.relationship('User', back_populates='profile', uselist=False)
```
1-M ko 1-1: child FK pe unique=True + uselist=False.
Parent-child: parent PK, child FK. Junction table extra columns bhi rakh sakti hai (applied_on).
Simplemodels.py har table ki class hai — columns, PK/FK, relationships. Yeh Model layer hai.
Viva mein file khol ke bolo:
1) Kaunsi classes/tables hain (User, Role-specific, Booking...)
2) Har table ka kaam 1 line
3) Relationships: 1-1 / 1-M / M-M, backref, cascade, lazy
4) Constraints: unique email, nullable, default status
Example skeleton
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True, nullable=False)
    role = db.Column(db.String(20), default='user')
    bookings = db.relationship('Booking', backref='user', cascade='all, delete-orphan')
```
ER diagram: rectangles entities, lines relationships, PK/FK mark. Schema = yahi structure.
Tables create: db.create_all() ya migrations. SQLite file SQL viewer se dikha sakte ho.
5
What is Template Inheritance?

Times asked 10
Official solution

Simpleextends poora layout inherit karta hai, include chhota piece insert karta hai.
extends: child page base.html ka structure use karti hai, blocks override karti hai. Ek hi parent.
include: navbar.html / footer.html jahan chaho insert. Kai baar use ho sakta hai.
base.html:
```
{% block content %}{% endblock %}

home.html:
{% extends 'base.html' %}
{% block content %}<h1>Home</h1>{% endblock %}

{% include 'navbar.html' %}  → navbar har page pe
```
Fayda: header/footer ek jagah, change once — saari pages update. MAD1 mein almost har project use karta hai.
6

What are Vue lifecycle hooks?

Times asked 11

Official solution

SimpleVue.js frontend framework — reactive UI components. MAD2 mein common, MAD1 optional.
Component: reusable UI (Navbar.vue) + data + template.
Props: parent → child data. Child → parent: $emit('update', val).
Slots: parent child ke andar extra HTML daal sakta hai.
Lifecycle: created (data setup), mounted (DOM ready — API call), updated, unmounted.
v-model two-way bind. Vue Router SPA routes (routes.js). Vuex/Pinia global state; mutations sync change, actions async.
Standalone component: khud ke saath compile, parent register kam.
7

What are Vue components?

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleVue.js frontend framework — reactive UI components. MAD2 mein common, MAD1 optional.
Component: reusable UI (Navbar.vue) + data + template.
Props: parent → child data. Child → parent: $emit('update', val).
Slots: parent child ke andar extra HTML daal sakta hai.
Lifecycle: created (data setup), mounted (DOM ready — API call), updated, unmounted.
v-model two-way bind. Vue Router SPA routes (routes.js). Vuex/Pinia global state; mutations sync change, actions async.
Standalone component: khud ke saath compile, parent register kam.
8

What are Vuex mutations and actions?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleVue.js frontend framework — reactive UI components. MAD2 mein common, MAD1 optional.
Component: reusable UI (Navbar.vue) + data + template.
Props: parent → child data. Child → parent: $emit('update', val).
Slots: parent child ke andar extra HTML daal sakta hai.
Lifecycle: created (data setup), mounted (DOM ready — API call), updated, unmounted.
v-model two-way bind. Vue Router SPA routes (routes.js). Vuex/Pinia global state; mutations sync change, actions async.
Standalone component: khud ke saath compile, parent register kam.
9

What is CSRF?

Times asked 5

Official solution

SimpleCSRF = Cross-Site Request Forgery — logged-in user ke browser se attacker site hidden form submit karwati hai.
FixCSRF token hidden field, server verify. Flask-WTF: {{ form.hidden_tag() }}
SameSite cookies bhi help. GET pe destructive action mat rakho.
10

What is CORS?

Times asked 8

Official solution

SimpleCORS browser rule hai ki kaunsa frontend kis API ko call kar sake. XSS attacker ka JS tumhare page pe chalaata hai.
CORS: API header Access-Control-Allow-Origin. Vue (localhost:8080) Flask (5000) ko call kare to CORS chahiye. Same Flask+Jinja site pe usually issue nahi.
XSS: <script> cookie chori. Fix: escape output (Jinja autoescape), user HTML mat render karo.
CSRF alag: attacker user ke browser se hidden request. Fix: CSRF token (Flask-WTF).
11

What is the difference between Security and Privacy?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Difference question hai — 3 cheezein bolo: meaning, kab use, 1 example.
Pehle concept A ek line, phir B ek line, phir table-jaisa farq (input/output/side-effect).
Example hamesha MAD1 se: GET search page, POST register, PUT/PATCH API update, session vs cookie login.
12

What is ON DELETE CASCADE?

Times asked 3

Official solution

SimpleCascade parent ke saath child pe automatic action (generally delete).
Company delete → uski drives bhi delete, warna orphan rows / FK error.
SQLAlchemy: db.relationship('Drive', cascade='all, delete-orphan', backref='company')
SQL: ForeignKey(..., ondelete='CASCADE')
Cascade sirf delete nahi: save-update, merge, refresh-expire, expunge, delete-orphan.
Cascade Update: parent PK change to child FK update (rare, PK mat badlo).
Parent delete jab children active hon: constraint error, ya cascade se children gayab, ya pehle children handle karo — design choice examiner poochta hai.
CSS cascading alag topic hai (styles inherit/override).
13
How do you handle data type errors in SQLAlchemy?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleSQLAlchemy Python ka sabse popular ORM hai. MAD1 mein Flask-SQLAlchemy wrapper use hota hai.
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
```
class Book(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    title = db.Column(db.String(80), nullable=False)

Operations: db.session.add(obj), .commit(), .delete(obj), Model.query.all(), .filter_by(), .get_or_404(id).
db.Model ek class hai (function nahi). db object engine + session + metadata hold karta hai.
```
SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS=False extra signals band karta hai, performance warning hatati hai.
14

What is Redis?

Times asked 21

Official solution

SimpleCelery background tasks (email, CSV, reports) async chalaata hai. Redis broker/queue + cache.
User 'Export' click → Celery task queue → Redis message → worker CSV banaata hai → user baad mein download.
Saath isliye: Celery ko broker chahiye, Redis tez in-memory. MAD2 topic zyada, MAD1 mein optional.
Priority: task queues/routing. Caching: Redis mein key-value, DB hits kam.
Pub/Sub: publisher channel pe message, subscribers sunte hain — Redis yeh bhi karta hai.
15

What is Celery?

Times asked 19

Official solution

SimpleCelery background tasks (email, CSV, reports) async chalaata hai. Redis broker/queue + cache.
User 'Export' click → Celery task queue → Redis message → worker CSV banaata hai → user baad mein download.
Saath isliye: Celery ko broker chahiye, Redis tez in-memory. MAD2 topic zyada, MAD1 mein optional.
Priority: task queues/routing. Caching: Redis mein key-value, DB hits kam.
Pub/Sub: publisher channel pe message, subscribers sunte hain — Redis yeh bhi karta hai.
16
Explain the Publish–Subscribe (Pub/Sub) pattern.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleValidation galat data rok ti hai — frontend turant, backend must.
Frontend: required, min='18', maxlength='8', pattern='(?=.*[A-Z]).{8,}'
Backend example:
```
pwd = request.form.get('password','')
if len(pwd) < 8 or not re.search(r'[A-Z]', pwd) or not re.search(r'[0-9]', pwd):
    flash('Weak password')
```
Haan, regex se password rules ho sakte hain.
Age 18-99, date >= today, slots <= 30 and > 0, confirm password == password, email '@' .
Duplicate username: User.query.filter_by(email=email).first() or unique=True catch IntegrityError.
Past date: if date < date.today(): reject. Negative slots: if slots < 0: reject; book pe available > 0 check.
17

What is the difference between Vertical Scaling and Horizontal Scaling?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleVertical = same machine ko powerful banao. Horizontal = aur machines add karo.
Vertical (scale up): RAM/CPU badhao. Simple, lekin ek limit hai, downtime ho sakta hai, single point of failure.
Horizontal (scale out): 5 servers + load balancer. Sasta long-term, fault tolerant, lekin session/DB sharing sochna padta hai.
Example10k users aaye to Flask app ke 4 copies chalao nginx peeche, DB alag machine pe.
Thousands of requests on one machine: caching (Redis), DB indexes, gunicorn workers, phir horizontal.
18

How would you scale an application?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleVertical = same machine ko powerful banao. Horizontal = aur machines add karo.
Vertical (scale up): RAM/CPU badhao. Simple, lekin ek limit hai, downtime ho sakta hai, single point of failure.
Horizontal (scale out): 5 servers + load balancer. Sasta long-term, fault tolerant, lekin session/DB sharing sochna padta hai.
Example10k users aaye to Flask app ke 4 copies chalao nginx peeche, DB alag machine pe.
Thousands of requests on one machine: caching (Redis), DB indexes, gunicorn workers, phir horizontal.

See reviews Level3_26 MAD2 Level 1

Aug 1, 2026

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1

Demonstrate your application.

Times asked 8

Official solution

SimpleDemo 5–7 min ki kahani: saari roles, koi milestone skip nahi, bolte-bolte dikhao.
Examiner list tick karta hai. Crash ho to panic nahi — terminal error padho.
Code tab kholna jab poochhein. Extra uncommitted features mat dikhana agar portal ZIP mein nahi.
Suggested flow1) Register/login user
2) Admin login — CRUD
3) Approval/blacklist
4) Booking/apply + edge case
5) Search + charts
6) CSV export / email job
7) Logout
Project example: Jo statement/parking/jobs/tickets hai uske user+admin journeys.
Viva tipBol: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Mandatory features pehle, polish baad.
2

If a user has booked tickets for a show and the admin deletes the venue containing that show, what should happen? Should the booking be refunded or should venue deletion be restricted?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleBlock delete if bookings; cascade cancel; soft-delete. Soft + restrict viva-safe.
Admin deletes venue with bookings. Movie/venue delete policy.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Your ondelete + message.
3

Add an amount_received column to the venue export report.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleCSV writer header + amount_received. Model column + migration. Add amount_received venue export.
Export all theatres extra column.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: csv.writerow.
4

Why did you use a separate RoleUsers (association) table?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleM-M normalized. Extra attrs later. Flask-Security default roles_users.
Why RoleUsers association table.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: secondary=roles_users.
Project example: secondary=roles_users.
5
What is Vue?

Times asked 6
Official solution

SimpleVue = UI ka smart assistant. Data badlo, screen khud update. MAD1 Jinja har click pe naya HTML.
Progressive frontend framework. Components, reactivity, directives.
MAD2 SPA: ek index.html, Vue Router pages, Flask sirf JSON.
Fayde: easy, SFC, docs. Vs React: templates HTML-like, course sikhata hai. Vs plain JS: baar-baar DOM mat chhedo.
Example
```

<template>
  <h1>{{ msg }}</h1>
</template>
<script>
export default { data() { return { msg: 'Hello' } } }
</script>
```
Project example: Navbar.vue + views (Login, Dashboard). data() / setup() reactive. fetch APIs.
Viva tipFayde: easy, SFC, reactivity. Vs React: chhota learning curve. Vs plain JS: UI state auto-update.
6

Why didn't you use Vuex?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleChhota app: props + LS kaafi. Overkill valid if consistent.
If used Vuex, don't say this.
Component = reusable UI block (Navbar, Card). Props parent→child data, emit child→parent event. Slots parent HTML inner content.
computed cache + reactive derive (filtered list). watch side-effect (query change pe API). methods events. ref() primitive, reactive() object. Vuex/Pinia global store; localStorage persist, store nahi.
SFC: template + script + style ek .vue file. Parent-child exam favourite: list parent, row child :item + @delete.
Project example: token LS, user props. Or store — match code.
7

How does Vue Router work?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleURL change → match routes → render router-view. History API or hash.
First match. params filled.
SPA = ek HTML, Vue Router se views, full reload nahi. MPA = MAD1 Jinja har URL naya HTML.
Vue Router: routes array, router-view, router-link, meta.auth + beforeEach guard. Dynamic /venues/:id → $route.params.id.
Vite/CLI SFC + npm build dist/. CDN script tag, no SFC. Jo tumne use kiya wahi justify. Flask send_from_directory('dist') production pattern.
Project example: Open router.js walk 2 routes.
8
What is the difference between Vue CLI and Vue CDN?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleCDN = Vue script tag se, jaise pen drive. CLI/Vite = poori factory (SFC, npm, bundle).
CDN: no build, chhote apps, exam PC pe Node nahi to bhi chal. Weak: no .vue compile, 3rd-party cache, scale/team.
CLI/Vite: Single File Components, env, code-split, production dist/. Scalable.
Examiner 'which + why' — jo use kiya wahi justify, doosra naam rato mat.
Example
```

<script src="https://unpkg.com/vue@3/dist/vue.global.js"></script>

# Vite
npm run dev
npm run build
```
Project example: CDN: index.html unpkg vue. CLI: package.json, npm run serve / vite.
Viva tipCDN scalable large teams ke liye weak (no SFC compile, caching 3rd party). Examiner 'which + why' poochta hai — jo use kiya wahi justify karo.
9

Why did you use Vue CDN?

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleCDN isliye simple deploy, kabhi Node nahi chahiye viva machine pe.
Show <script src=vue> index.html. Tradeoff: SFC nahi, ek bada JS file.
Agar CLI use kiya to yeh answer ulta: SFC + build isliye CLI.
SPA = ek HTML, Vue Router se views, full reload nahi. MPA = MAD1 Jinja har URL naya HTML.
Vue Router: routes array, router-view, router-link, meta.auth + beforeEach guard. Dynamic /venues/:id → $route.params.id.
Vite/CLI SFC + npm build dist/. CDN script tag, no SFC. Jo tumne use kiya wahi justify. Flask send_from_directory('dist') production pattern.
Project example: index.html bottom script tags Vue + vue-router + app.js.
10
What is the difference between v-if and v-show?

Times asked 6
Official solution

Simplev-if ghar se nikaal deta hai (DOM se). v-show sirf light band karta hai (display:none).
v-if false → element exist hi nahi — costly create/destroy, lekin secret HTML DOM mein nahi.
v-show → hamesha DOM, CSS hide, toggle tez.
Rare / permission UI: v-if (admin panel). Dropdown bar-bar: v-show.
: shorthand v-bind ka, v-if ka nahi.
Example
```
<div v-if="isAdmin">Admin panel</div>
<div v-show="open">Dropdown</div>
```
Project example: Admin links v-if="role==='admin'". FAQ accordion v-show="open".
Viva tipSecurity ke liye sirf v-if kaafi nahi — API 403 bhi chahiye.
11
What is Celery?

Times asked 19
Official solution

SimpleCelery = background naukri. HTTP request ko 10 second email bhejne ke liye mat rokna.
Distributed task queue: aap function ko abhi nahi, worker process mein later/retry/schedule pe chalaate ho.
MAD2 typical jobs: daily reminder mail, monthly HTML report, user-triggered CSV export.
Web request 200ms hona chahiye. 10,000 emails request thread mein = timeout. Worker alag CPU pe kaam kare.
Redis broker chahiye. Beat alag process schedule ke liye.
Example
```
@celery.task
def daily_reminder():
    for u in User.query.filter_by(active=True):
        send_mail(u.email, 'Book something today!')
```
Project example: User Export click → 202 Accepted. Worker CSV + email. Daily 6pm Beat reminder.
Viva tipWorker + Redis bina Beat ke user-triggered chalega. Scheduled jobs ke liye Beat bhi chahiye.
12
What is Redis?

Times asked 21
Official solution

SimpleRedis fridge pe sticky note hai — poori kitchen (database) kholne ki zarurat nahi.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai. Data RAM mein rehta hai, isliye disk wale SQLite/Postgres se kai guna tez.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam karta hai:
1) Cache — same venue/show/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se mat nikaalo.
2) Celery message broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis band ho to cache miss ho jaata hai aur Celery queue ruk sakti hai. Crash pe cache gayab ho sakta hai — isliye important data sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Example
```
import redis
r = redis.Redis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)
r.set('venues', json.dumps(data), ex=30)
print(r.get('venues'))
```
Project example: GET /api/venues pehle Redis dekho. Miss pe SQLAlchemy query, phir SET with timeout. Celery worker Redis list se daily reminder uthata hai.
Viva tipCache ke liye db=1, broker ke liye db=0 rakhna smart hai taaki keys mix na hon. Viva mein redis-cli ping → PONG dikhana strong hai.
13

Why do we use Redis instead of a normal database?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleHot keys ke liye Redis, relationships/constraints ke liye SQL.
User, Booking, FK, unique email — SQL.
Venues list 30s, Celery queue — Redis.
Sab Redis mein daaloge to query/join/integrity nahi milegi. Sab SQL mein to Celery broker + extra load.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai — fridge pe sticky note, poori kitchen (SQL database) har baar mat kholo.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam: (1) cache — same venues/shows/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se nahi (2) Celery broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Flow: cache.get(key) → hit pe return, miss pe SQLAlchemy + SET with timeout. Admin write ke baad cache.delete, warna stale list.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis crash/band = cache miss (app chalni chahiye) + queue ruk sakti hai. Important bookings sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Alag: Redis ≠ Memcached (Celery broker nahi). Redis ≠ localStorage (woh browser). redis-cli ping → PONG viva proof.
Project example: models.py SQL. cache.cached Redis. celery broker Redis.
14
What is ORM?

Times asked 49
Official solution

SimpleORM = translator. Python object bolo, woh SQL mein baat kare.
Object Relational Mapper. Class User ↔ table user. Raw SQL kam.
SQLAlchemy MAD1/MAD2. Fayde: portable SQLite→Postgres, relationships, parameterized queries (injection kam).
Nuksaan: N+1, hidden SQL, complex reports pe raw better.
Direct sqlite3 se SQLAlchemy isliye: models, switch DB, safer queries.
Example
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(128), unique=True)
User.query.filter_by(email='a@b.com').first()
```
Project example: models.py db.Model. resources User.query.filter_by. Koi f-string SQL nahi.
Viva tipFayde: safe-ish, portable (SQLite→Postgres). Nuksaan: complex queries, N+1, leaky abstractions. Direct SQLite se SQLAlchemy isliye: models + injection protection + switch DB.
15
What is SQL Injection?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleUser input concat query. ORM bound params bachata. text()+user mat.
SQLAlchemy injection still if format SQL.
Browser + API ke beech extra darwaze: CORS origin allow, HTTPS encrypt transit, CSRF cookie-auto-send attack, XSS HTML inject, SQL injection raw query.
MAD2 SPA: Vue :8080 Flask :5000 → Flask-CORS. JWT localStorage XSS se chori ho sakta — v-html user input pe avoid. Password Network tab localhost pe dikhega; prod HTTPS, response mein password echo nahi.
401 unauthenticated, 403 unauthorized, 400 validation. Hash one-way — SHA decrypt nahi hota. Secret key .env, GitHub pe nahi.
Example
```
# bad: f"SELECT * FROM user WHERE name='{name}'"
User.query.filter_by(name=name)  # good
```
Project example: filter_by(name=name) good.
16

What is a Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attack?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleAttacker beech traffic padhe/badle. HTTPS/TLS rokta. Public WiFi HTTP danger.
Local viva HTTP OK. Prod HTTPS.
Browser + API ke beech extra darwaze: CORS origin allow, HTTPS encrypt transit, CSRF cookie-auto-send attack, XSS HTML inject, SQL injection raw query.
MAD2 SPA: Vue :8080 Flask :5000 → Flask-CORS. JWT localStorage XSS se chori ho sakta — v-html user input pe avoid. Password Network tab localhost pe dikhega; prod HTTPS, response mein password echo nahi.
401 unauthenticated, 403 unauthorized, 400 validation. Hash one-way — SHA decrypt nahi hota. Secret key .env, GitHub pe nahi.
Project example: Password in Network tab on YOUR machine still visible.

See reviews Level3_11 MAD2 Level 1

Aug 1, 2026

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1

Demonstrate your application.

Times asked 8

Official solution

SimpleDemo 5–7 min ki kahani: saari roles, koi milestone skip nahi, bolte-bolte dikhao.
Examiner list tick karta hai. Crash ho to panic nahi — terminal error padho.
Code tab kholna jab poochhein. Extra uncommitted features mat dikhana agar portal ZIP mein nahi.
Suggested flow1) Register/login user
2) Admin login — CRUD
3) Approval/blacklist
4) Booking/apply + edge case
5) Search + charts
6) CSV export / email job
7) Logout
Project example: Jo statement/parking/jobs/tickets hai uske user+admin journeys.
Viva tipBol: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Mandatory features pehle, polish baad.
2

Explain the Edit Show flow from frontend to backend.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleGET id load form → PUT/PATCH → cache delete → redirect list.
Edit show frontend to backend.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Admin edit page.
Project example: Admin edit page.
3

Explain your database models.

Times asked 8

Official solution

SimpleTables + lines (FK) + 1-M / M-M. Draw mentally, phir models.py.
Har class: PK, important columns, relationships. Why normalized (no duplicate venue name in every show as only string without FK).
Indexes search columns. Unique email. Cascade policy bookings pe.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: User-Role M-M. User-Booking 1-M. Venue-Show 1-M. Show-Booking 1-M.
4

How long did it take you to build this application?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleHonest weeks. Process: models, API, Vue, jobs. No padding.
Which parts yourself vs AI.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Calendar vague OK, lie not.
Project example: Calendar vague OK, lie not.
5

Prevent assigning more seats to a show than the venue capacity (frontend validation).

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simpleshow.seats <= venue.capacity create/update FE+BE. Prevent assigning more seats than venue.
Frontend validation plus backend.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: create show form.
6
Change the button color (e.g., blue to green).

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleLive CSS/Vue: sabse chhota change jo dikhe. Logic/API mat todo unless poochhein.
Inspect element se class dhoondo. btn-success, navbar bottom fixed, center flex.
Save, refresh, dikhao. Break mat karo layout poora.
Example
```
<button class="btn btn-success">Login</button>
nav { position: fixed; bottom: 0; width: 100%; }
.wrap { min-height: 100vh; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; }
```
Project example: Jo button/navbar poocha usi file (Navbar.vue / App.vue / css).
Viva tipDevTools se element inspect. Logic/API mat todo unless poochhein.
7
Implement password length validation on the frontend.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleRegex upper lower digit. Frontend + backend. Length hash column alag baat.
Live task common.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
re.search(r'[A-Z]', p) and re.search(r'[a-z]', p) and re.search(r'\d', p)
```
Project example: register route + Login.vue.
8

Limit the product price so it cannot exceed a specified range.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simpleif price < min or > max 400. Input :max. Limit product price range. Limit max slots/seats creating record.
Both.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: create form + route.
Project example: create form + route.
9

What is lazy loading?

Times asked 3

Official solution

SimpleLazy = zarurat pe load. Relationship default extra query. Vue route import() code-split.
lazy='dynamic' query object. noload mat laao. Fast first paint.
ORM objects ko tables se map karta hai — raw SQL kam. SQLAlchemy MAD2 default.
class User(db.Model) + Column + relationship. query.filter_by / db.session.get. Fayda: portable SQLite→Postgres, injection se safer. Nuksaan: N+1, complex SQL.
SQLite file, zero server — course friendly. Postgres scale. Relationships: FK, backref, lazy/joinedload, cascade on delete. Constraints unique/not null integrity.
Bookings source of truth DB, Redis cache copy.
Project example: user.bookings access pe query. Dashboard joinedload instead.
10

What is SPA (Single Page Application)?

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleSPA ek ghar, rooms (routes) ke beech bina poora ghar todo. MPA har room naya ghar (MAD1 Jinja).
Vue Router client navigation. Backend JSON. Back button, shareable URL.
MPA: har click full reload. SPA: first load JS bundle, phir fast.
SPA = ek HTML, Vue Router se views, full reload nahi. MPA = MAD1 Jinja har URL naya HTML.
Vue Router: routes array, router-view, router-link, meta.auth + beforeEach guard. Dynamic /venues/:id → $route.params.id.
Vite/CLI SFC + npm build dist/. CDN script tag, no SFC. Jo tumne use kiya wahi justify. Flask send_from_directory('dist') production pattern.
Project example: /#/login vs /#/dashboard bina Flask template render.
Viva tipVue Router client-side navigation. Backend sirf JSON APIs deta hai.
11

Difference between Single Page Applications (SPA) and Multi-Page Applications (MPA).

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleSPA ek ghar, rooms (routes) ke beech bina poora ghar todo. MPA har room naya ghar (MAD1 Jinja).
Vue Router client navigation. Backend JSON. Back button, shareable URL.
MPA: har click full reload. SPA: first load JS bundle, phir fast.
SPA = ek HTML, Vue Router se views, full reload nahi. MPA = MAD1 Jinja har URL naya HTML.
Vue Router: routes array, router-view, router-link, meta.auth + beforeEach guard. Dynamic /venues/:id → $route.params.id.
Vite/CLI SFC + npm build dist/. CDN script tag, no SFC. Jo tumne use kiya wahi justify. Flask send_from_directory('dist') production pattern.
Project example: /#/login vs /#/dashboard bina Flask template render.
Viva tipVue Router client-side navigation. Backend sirf JSON APIs deta hai.
12
What are Vue components?

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleComponent Lego block: UI + data. Pages routes, components unke andar.
Bahut files = maintainable Navbar/Footer. Not a bug.
Component = reusable UI block (Navbar, Card). Props parent→child data, emit child→parent event. Slots parent HTML inner content.
computed cache + reactive derive (filtered list). watch side-effect (query change pe API). methods events. ref() primitive, reactive() object. Vuex/Pinia global store; localStorage persist, store nahi.
SFC: template + script + style ek .vue file. Parent-child exam favourite: list parent, row child :item + @delete.
Example
```
app.component('Hello', { template: '<p>Hi {{ name }}</p>', props: ['name'] })
```
Project example: src/components vs views. router uses views.
Viva tipBahut Vue files isliye: har page/feature alag — maintainable. Navbar layout har route pe.
13
What are Vue directives?

Times asked 6
Official solution

SimpleDirectives Vue ke special attributes — HTML ko superpower.
v-if/else/show, v-for, v-bind (:), v-on (@), v-model, v-html (XSS), v-cloak, v-slot.
:src = v-bind:src. @click = v-on:click.
Custom directives bhi (v-focus) — course basics kaafi.
Example
```
<p v-if="ok">Yes</p>
<li v-for="u in users" :key="u.id">{{ u.name }}</li>
<input v-model="email">
<img :src="url">
```
Project example: List v-for :key. Form v-model. Admin v-if. Image :src.
Viva tip: src ke liye v-bind:src ka shorthand. @click = v-on:click.
14
Difference between PUT and PATCH.

Times asked 7
Official solution

SimplePOST naya janam (har baar naya id). PUT poori photo replace. PATCH sticker chipkao.
POST create, not idempotent. PUT full update, idempotent. PATCH partial.
POST ki jagah PUT se REST semantics toot. GET typically no body.
CRUD map: POST create, GET read, PUT/PATCH update, DELETE delete.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
POST /api/venues
PUT  /api/venues/1   {all fields}
PATCH /api/venues/1 {only name}
```
Project example: POST /api/venues create. PUT /venues/1 saari fields. PATCH sirf name.
15
Difference between POST and PUT.

Times asked 4
Official solution

SimplePOST naya janam (har baar naya id). PUT poori photo replace. PATCH sticker chipkao.
POST create, not idempotent. PUT full update, idempotent. PATCH partial.
POST ki jagah PUT se REST semantics toot. GET typically no body.
CRUD map: POST create, GET read, PUT/PATCH update, DELETE delete.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
POST /api/venues
PUT  /api/venues/1   {all fields}
PATCH /api/venues/1 {only name}
```
Project example: POST /api/venues create. PUT /venues/1 saari fields. PATCH sirf name.
16
Can POST be used instead of PUT? Why or why not?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimplePOST naya janam (har baar naya id). PUT poori photo replace. PATCH sticker chipkao.
POST create, not idempotent. PUT full update, idempotent. PATCH partial.
POST ki jagah PUT se REST semantics toot. GET typically no body.
CRUD map: POST create, GET read, PUT/PATCH update, DELETE delete.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
POST /api/venues
PUT  /api/venues/1   {all fields}
PATCH /api/venues/1 {only name}
```
Project example: POST /api/venues create. PUT /venues/1 saari fields. PATCH sirf name.
17
What are Webhooks?

Times asked 7
Official solution

SimpleWebhook = woh tumhe call karta hai. API = tum unhe call karte ho.
Payment success pe Stripe tumhare /webhooks/payment pe POST. Tum poll nahi karte.
API pull, webhook push. WebSocket dono taraf live connection. SSE server→client stream.
MAD2 mostly REST APIs. Webhook theory + example kaafi. Verify signature production mein.
Example
```
@app.route('/webhooks/payment', methods=['POST'])
def hook():
    event = request.json
    ...
```
Project example: Agar implement nahi: 'course REST. Webhook design: POST /webhooks/booking-paid'.
Viva tipAPI pull, webhook push. WebSocket dono taraf live. SSE server → client stream.
18
What is the difference between a Webhook and an API?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleWebhook = woh tumhe call karta hai. API = tum unhe call karte ho.
Payment success pe Stripe tumhare /webhooks/payment pe POST. Tum poll nahi karte.
API pull, webhook push. WebSocket dono taraf live connection. SSE server→client stream.
MAD2 mostly REST APIs. Webhook theory + example kaafi. Verify signature production mein.
Example
```
@app.route('/webhooks/payment', methods=['POST'])
def hook():
    event = request.json
    ...
```
Project example: Agar implement nahi: 'course REST. Webhook design: POST /webhooks/booking-paid'.
Viva tipAPI pull, webhook push. WebSocket dono taraf live. SSE server → client stream.
19
Difference between Authentication and Authorization.

Times asked 20
Official solution

SimpleAuthentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password check karke prove karte ho ki tum genuine user ho. Success pe session/token milta hai.
Authorization: uske baad role check. Admin hi parking lot / venue / drive delete kar sakta hai, normal user nahi.
MAD2 mein yeh alag layers hain: login API = authentication (JWT milta hai). @roles_required('admin') ya Vue v-if="isAdmin" = authorization.
Validation alag cheez hai (form sahi bhara hai ya nahi, jaise age 18+). Authentication identity hai, authorization permission, validation input quality.
Example
```
# Authentication
if user and check_password_hash(user.password, form_password):
    token = create_access_token(identity=user.id)

# Authorization
if current_user.role != 'admin':
    abort(403)  # logged in ho, lekin allowed nahi
```
Project example: Student login = authentication. Student admin dashboard nahi khol sakta = authorization. Frontend button hide sirf UX hai — asli check backend pe hona chahiye.
Viva tip401 = not logged in / bad token. 403 = logged in, role galat. Examiner yeh difference bahut poochta hai.
20

How have you implemented RBAC (Role-Based Access Control) for the Admin?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleRoles table, assignment, decorator, UI meta. Example admin vs user endpoint.
Admin authenticated AND authorized. User authenticated not authorized admin.
Authentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password hash check. Success pe JWT/session. Galat credentials = 401.
Authorization: uske baad role. Admin hi venue/lot delete kare, student nahi = 403 (logged in ho, allowed nahi).
MAD2: POST /api/login = authentication. @jwt_required identity. @roles_required('admin') ya Vue v-if="isAdmin" = authorization. Frontend hide sirf UX — asli deny backend pe.
Validation alag: form sahi bhara (email format, age 18+). Woh identity prove nahi karta. Password store hash (Werkzeug), JWT payload padha ja sakta hai isliye secret mat daalo.
Project example: roles_required admin stats. User 403 Postman.
21
What is ORM?

Times asked 49
Official solution

SimpleORM = translator. Python object bolo, woh SQL mein baat kare.
Object Relational Mapper. Class User ↔ table user. Raw SQL kam.
SQLAlchemy MAD1/MAD2. Fayde: portable SQLite→Postgres, relationships, parameterized queries (injection kam).
Nuksaan: N+1, hidden SQL, complex reports pe raw better.
Direct sqlite3 se SQLAlchemy isliye: models, switch DB, safer queries.
Example
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(128), unique=True)
User.query.filter_by(email='a@b.com').first()
```
Project example: models.py db.Model. resources User.query.filter_by. Koi f-string SQL nahi.
Viva tipFayde: safe-ish, portable (SQLite→Postgres). Nuksaan: complex queries, N+1, leaky abstractions. Direct SQLite se SQLAlchemy isliye: models + injection protection + switch DB.
22
What is SQLAlchemy?

Times asked 8
Official solution

SimpleSQLAlchemy toolkit + ORM. Flask-SQLAlchemy wrapper db.
URI sqlite:///app.db. Postgres postgresql://. Dialects MySQL MSSQL.
Session add/commit/rollback. IntegrityError catch.
ORM objects ko tables se map karta hai — raw SQL kam. SQLAlchemy MAD2 default.
class User(db.Model) + Column + relationship. query.filter_by / db.session.get. Fayda: portable SQLite→Postgres, injection se safer. Nuksaan: N+1, complex SQL.
SQLite file, zero server — course friendly. Postgres scale. Relationships: FK, backref, lazy/joinedload, cascade on delete. Constraints unique/not null integrity.
Bookings source of truth DB, Redis cache copy.
Example
```
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'sqlite:///app.db'
# migrate: URI postgres://user:pass@host/db  + psycopg2
```
Project example: config SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI. db.create_all() ya migrate.
23

Can SQLAlchemy connect to Microsoft SQL Server?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleHaan SQLAlchemy + pyodbc mssql+ URI. Course SQLite. Extra driver.
Can connect Microsoft SQL Server.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Not used, supported theoretically.
Project example: Not used, supported theoretically.

See reviews Level2_87 MAD2 Level 1

Aug 1, 2026

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1
Introduce yourself and explain what you're currently doing.

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simple30s: naam, city, degree, project, stack Vue Flask Redis Celery.
1 unique feature. No rattu script. Currently doing short then project.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Example
```
Main Priya, IITM BS. MAD2 SPA — Vue, Flask REST, JWT, Redis cache, Celery reports.
```
Project example: Parking/ticket/job-portal one-liner.
Viva tipScript ratt ke mat bolo. Project ka 1 unique feature highlight karo.
2

Which part did you enjoy or find more challenging: frontend or backend? Why?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleJo sach pasand + challenging jahan atke (Celery/CORS common).
Which part enjoy frontend backend why.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Tie to a bug you solved.
Project example: Tie to a bug you solved.
3

How confident are you with JavaScript and frontend technologies?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleHonest 6–8/10 + map/filter/async ready. Weak admit + seeking.
How confident JS frontend.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Don't 10/10.
Project example: Don't 10/10.
4

Demonstrate your complete application.

Times asked 7

Official solution

SimpleDemo 5–7 min ki kahani: saari roles, koi milestone skip nahi, bolte-bolte dikhao.
Examiner list tick karta hai. Crash ho to panic nahi — terminal error padho.
Code tab kholna jab poochhein. Extra uncommitted features mat dikhana agar portal ZIP mein nahi.
Suggested flow1) Register/login user
2) Admin login — CRUD
3) Approval/blacklist
4) Booking/apply + edge case
5) Search + charts
6) CSV export / email job
7) Logout
Project example: Jo statement/parking/jobs/tickets hai uske user+admin journeys.
Viva tipBol: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Mandatory features pehle, polish baad.
5
Explain your project, including the Celery jobs.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleCelery = background naukri. HTTP request ko 10 second email bhejne ke liye mat rokna.
Distributed task queue: aap function ko abhi nahi, worker process mein later/retry/schedule pe chalaate ho.
MAD2 typical jobs: daily reminder mail, monthly HTML report, user-triggered CSV export.
Web request 200ms hona chahiye. 10,000 emails request thread mein = timeout. Worker alag CPU pe kaam kare.
Redis broker chahiye. Beat alag process schedule ke liye.
Example
```
@celery.task
def daily_reminder():
    for u in User.query.filter_by(active=True):
        send_mail(u.email, 'Book something today!')
```
Project example: User Export click → 202 Accepted. Worker CSV + email. Daily 6pm Beat reminder.
Viva tipWorker + Redis bina Beat ke user-triggered chalega. Scheduled jobs ke liye Beat bhi chahiye.
6

Explain the export functionality (e.g., exporting theatres to CSV) and which library you used.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplecsv celery trigger. Explain export theatres CSV which library. Show CSV export open file.
csv module standard.
Celery Python ka distributed task queue — HTTP request ko 10s email/CSV ke liye mat rokna.
Flow: Flask .delay() → Redis broker → Worker execute. Beat alag process hai (clock): crontab padhke due time pe queue mein daalta hai. Beat khud mail nahi bhejta; Worker haath hai.
MAD2 typical: daily reminder (Beat), monthly report (Beat), user Export CSV (button, Beat nahi). JS async/await browser event loop hai, Celery server-side process — mix mat karo.
Demo: tin terminals — redis-server, celery worker, celery beat — plus Flask. MailHog :8025 inbox. Result backend se task SUCCESS poll optional.
Project example: export task + sample file.
7

Walk through your entire codebase.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleOrder models → APIs/auth → celery → Vue router/pages → fetch.
Each layer 1 example. Entire codebase request.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Suggested flow1) models.py
2) auth login/JWT
3) CRUD
4) cache
5) celery
6) Vue + store
Project example: 6 file tour.
8

What additional features would you add to your application?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleFavorites, cancel, notifications, search suggest, tests, Docker, PWA.
If more time / startup.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Pick 2 realistic.
Project example: Pick 2 realistic.
9

How would you improve the security of your application?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimplehttpOnly cookie JWT, CSP, rate limit login, 2FA, audit, no CORS *.
If more time / production.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Current holes honest: LS XSS, HTTP local.
Project example: Current holes honest: LS XSS, HTTP local.
10
What is Vue, and why did you choose it?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleVue = UI ka smart assistant. Data badlo, screen khud update. MAD1 Jinja har click pe naya HTML.
Progressive frontend framework. Components, reactivity, directives.
MAD2 SPA: ek index.html, Vue Router pages, Flask sirf JSON.
Fayde: easy, SFC, docs. Vs React: templates HTML-like, course sikhata hai. Vs plain JS: baar-baar DOM mat chhedo.
Example
```

<template>
  <h1>{{ msg }}</h1>
</template>
<script>
export default { data() { return { msg: 'Hello' } } }
</script>
```
Project example: Navbar.vue + views (Login, Dashboard). data() / setup() reactive. fetch APIs.
Viva tipFayde: easy, SFC, reactivity. Vs React: chhota learning curve. Vs plain JS: UI state auto-update.
11

Why did you use Vue instead of Jinja/HTML?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleMAD2 SPA requirement, richer UI, client routing, FE/BE split, JSON APIs.
Emails ab bhi Jinja. MAD1 extends → App.vue router-view.
SPA = ek HTML, Vue Router se views, full reload nahi. MPA = MAD1 Jinja har URL naya HTML.
Vue Router: routes array, router-view, router-link, meta.auth + beforeEach guard. Dynamic /venues/:id → $route.params.id.
Vite/CLI SFC + npm build dist/. CDN script tag, no SFC. Jo tumne use kiya wahi justify. Flask send_from_directory('dist') production pattern.
Project example: No render_template pages except mail.
12

Why didn't you use React?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleCourse Vue, examples Vue, time. Transferable SPA skills.
Don't insult React. Same virtual DOM idea.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Honest course alignment.
Project example: Honest course alignment.
13

What are the advantages of Vue over React?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleGentle curve, SFC, docs, reactivity, chhota vs Angular. Over React: HTML templates, course.
Over plain JS: components router ecosystem.
SPA = ek HTML, Vue Router se views, full reload nahi. MPA = MAD1 Jinja har URL naya HTML.
Vue Router: routes array, router-view, router-link, meta.auth + beforeEach guard. Dynamic /venues/:id → $route.params.id.
Vite/CLI SFC + npm build dist/. CDN script tag, no SFC. Jo tumne use kiya wahi justify. Flask send_from_directory('dist') production pattern.
Project example: Justify Vue not React: taught + time.
14

Why do you have so many Vue files?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleOne concern per file. Router pages. Readable. Examiner itne files = architecture.
Why so many Vue files.
SPA = ek HTML, Vue Router se views, full reload nahi. MPA = MAD1 Jinja har URL naya HTML.
Vue Router: routes array, router-view, router-link, meta.auth + beforeEach guard. Dynamic /venues/:id → $route.params.id.
Vite/CLI SFC + npm build dist/. CDN script tag, no SFC. Jo tumne use kiya wahi justify. Flask send_from_directory('dist') production pattern.
Project example: Count routes ≈ pages.
15

What is the difference between Vue components and pages?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimplePages route-level views. Components reusable inside. Dono .vue.
Difference components and pages.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: views/ vs components/.
Project example: views/ vs components/.
16
What are Vue lifecycle hooks?

Times asked 11
Official solution

SimpleLifecycle = component ki zindagi ke stages. API call tab jab DOM ready ho — mounted.
created: instance bani, this data, DOM nahi. mounted/onMounted: page pe aa gaya — fetch, Chart.js, setInterval.
updated: data change ke baad. unmounted: cleanup (clearInterval) warna memory leak.
Dashboards onMounted isliye: canvas/API tab valid. created mein $el nahi.
Composition: onMounted(() => {}) setup ke andar.
Example
```
export default {
  async mounted() {
    const r = await fetch('/api/venues')
    this.venues = await r.json()
  }
}
```
Project example: Venues.vue mounted fetch list. Clock component unmounted pe interval clear.
Viva tipcreated: data setup, DOM nahi. mounted/onMounted: $el mil gaya — fetch yahi. Dashboards isliye onMounted use karti hain.
17

Change the styling of buttons on the frontend.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplebtn-primary → btn-success or CSS background. Change styling buttons frontend.
Common class.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: grep btn-primary.
Project example: grep btn-primary.
18
Explain what these decorators do: @app.route @cache.memoize @celery.task

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleCelery = background naukri. HTTP request ko 10 second email bhejne ke liye mat rokna.
Distributed task queue: aap function ko abhi nahi, worker process mein later/retry/schedule pe chalaate ho.
MAD2 typical jobs: daily reminder mail, monthly HTML report, user-triggered CSV export.
Web request 200ms hona chahiye. 10,000 emails request thread mein = timeout. Worker alag CPU pe kaam kare.
Redis broker chahiye. Beat alag process schedule ke liye.
Example
```
@celery.task
def daily_reminder():
    for u in User.query.filter_by(active=True):
        send_mail(u.email, 'Book something today!')
```
Project example: User Export click → 202 Accepted. Worker CSV + email. Daily 6pm Beat reminder.
Viva tipWorker + Redis bina Beat ke user-triggered chalega. Scheduled jobs ke liye Beat bhi chahiye.
19
What is Celery?

Times asked 19
Official solution

SimpleCelery = background naukri. HTTP request ko 10 second email bhejne ke liye mat rokna.
Distributed task queue: aap function ko abhi nahi, worker process mein later/retry/schedule pe chalaate ho.
MAD2 typical jobs: daily reminder mail, monthly HTML report, user-triggered CSV export.
Web request 200ms hona chahiye. 10,000 emails request thread mein = timeout. Worker alag CPU pe kaam kare.
Redis broker chahiye. Beat alag process schedule ke liye.
Example
```
@celery.task
def daily_reminder():
    for u in User.query.filter_by(active=True):
        send_mail(u.email, 'Book something today!')
```
Project example: User Export click → 202 Accepted. Worker CSV + email. Daily 6pm Beat reminder.
Viva tipWorker + Redis bina Beat ke user-triggered chalega. Scheduled jobs ke liye Beat bhi chahiye.
20

How does Celery create scheduled jobs?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleBeat reads schedule due push broker worker runs. How Celery create scheduled jobs.
crontab.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: beat process must run.
Project example: beat process must run.

See reviews Level3_43 MAD2 Level 1

Aug 1, 2026

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1

Demonstrate your complete project.

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleDemo 5–7 min ki kahani: saari roles, koi milestone skip nahi, bolte-bolte dikhao.
Examiner list tick karta hai. Crash ho to panic nahi — terminal error padho.
Code tab kholna jab poochhein. Extra uncommitted features mat dikhana agar portal ZIP mein nahi.
Suggested flow1) Register/login user
2) Admin login — CRUD
3) Approval/blacklist
4) Booking/apply + edge case
5) Search + charts
6) CSV export / email job
7) Logout
Project example: Jo statement/parking/jobs/tickets hai uske user+admin journeys.
Viva tipBol: 'Yahan overbooking rokta hoon'. Mandatory features pehle, polish baad.
2

Walk through your codebase.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleOrder models → APIs/auth → celery → Vue router/pages → fetch.
Each layer 1 example. Entire codebase request.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Suggested flow1) models.py
2) auth login/JWT
3) CRUD
4) cache
5) celery
6) Vue + store
Project example: 6 file tour.
3

Explain your database schema.

Times asked 3

Official solution

SimpleTables + lines (FK) + 1-M / M-M. Draw mentally, phir models.py.
Har class: PK, important columns, relationships. Why normalized (no duplicate venue name in every show as only string without FK).
Indexes search columns. Unique email. Cascade policy bookings pe.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: User-Role M-M. User-Booking 1-M. Venue-Show 1-M. Show-Booking 1-M.
4
Explain how you implemented the search functionality.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleSearch demo cases.
See earlier essay.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Example
```
q = request.args.get('q', '').strip()
items = Venue.query.filter(Venue.name.ilike(f'%{q}%')).all()
return jsonify([v.serialize() for v in items])
```
Project example: UI + API.
Viva tipEmpty search, no-match, case-insensitive (ilike) teen cases dikhao.
5

How would you implement search suggestions?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDebounce 300ms API ?q= prefix LIMIT 10 dropdown. Cache popular.
How implement search suggestions.
MAD2 architecture: Vue SPA (client) → HTTP JSON → Flask API (server) → SQLAlchemy DB. Side path: Flask → Redis broker → Celery worker → MailHog/CSV.
Client-server alag ports. State: Vue memory + LS token. Persistent: SQLite. Cache: Redis. MVC-ish: models.py, API views, Vue templates.
Scale: more workers, Postgres, cache, not 'bigger SQLite file'.
Project example: watch query.
Project example: watch query.
6

How would you implement a Favorites/Likes feature (e.g., favorite theatre/show/song)?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleM-M User↔Show favorite. POST /api/favorites GET list Vue heart. Modify model favorites.
How implement Favorites/Likes.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: association table unique(user_id,item_id).
7

What architecture have you used in your application?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleClient-server SPA + background workers. Boxes: Vue | HTTP JSON | Flask | SQLite | Redis | Celery.
Not microservices. Layered REST. Cache aur queue extra.
Scale story alag: gunicorn, Postgres, more workers.
MAD2 architecture: Vue SPA (client) → HTTP JSON → Flask API (server) → SQLAlchemy DB. Side path: Flask → Redis broker → Celery worker → MailHog/CSV.
Client-server alag ports. State: Vue memory + LS token. Persistent: SQLite. Cache: Redis. MVC-ish: models.py, API views, Vue templates.
Scale: more workers, Postgres, cache, not 'bigger SQLite file'.
Suggested flowBrowser Vue → HTTP JSON → Flask → SQLAlchemy → DB
Extra: Redis cache; Celery via Redis
Project example: Draw 6 boxes viva mein. Point to folders.
8
Explain the MVC architecture and its flow.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleModel-View-Controller separation of concerns.
Map folders. Vue is V. Flask routes C. models M.
MAD2 architecture: Vue SPA (client) → HTTP JSON → Flask API (server) → SQLAlchemy DB. Side path: Flask → Redis broker → Celery worker → MailHog/CSV.
Client-server alag ports. State: Vue memory + LS token. Persistent: SQLite. Cache: Redis. MVC-ish: models.py, API views, Vue templates.
Scale: more workers, Postgres, cache, not 'bigger SQLite file'.
Example
```
Vue Booking.vue → POST /api/book → Booking model → jsonify → this.bookings.push
```
Project example: See architecture essay.
9

Which frontend framework did you use?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleVue 2/3. package.json / script tag.
Which frontend framework.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Vue.
Project example: Vue.
10

Why did you choose Vue instead of React?

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleCourse + SFC + docs + SPA milestone. React bhi SPA conceptually.
Frontend design: role dashboards, navbar reuse, charts admin.
SPA = ek HTML, Vue Router se views, full reload nahi. MPA = MAD1 Jinja har URL naya HTML.
Vue Router: routes array, router-view, router-link, meta.auth + beforeEach guard. Dynamic /venues/:id → $route.params.id.
Vite/CLI SFC + npm build dist/. CDN script tag, no SFC. Jo tumne use kiya wahi justify. Flask send_from_directory('dist') production pattern.
Project example: package.json vue. Don't trash React.
11
What is Vue?

Times asked 6
Official solution

SimpleVue = UI ka smart assistant. Data badlo, screen khud update. MAD1 Jinja har click pe naya HTML.
Progressive frontend framework. Components, reactivity, directives.
MAD2 SPA: ek index.html, Vue Router pages, Flask sirf JSON.
Fayde: easy, SFC, docs. Vs React: templates HTML-like, course sikhata hai. Vs plain JS: baar-baar DOM mat chhedo.
Example
```

<template>
  <h1>{{ msg }}</h1>
</template>
<script>
export default { data() { return { msg: 'Hello' } } }
</script>
```
Project example: Navbar.vue + views (Login, Dashboard). data() / setup() reactive. fetch APIs.
Viva tipFayde: easy, SFC, reactivity. Vs React: chhota learning curve. Vs plain JS: UI state auto-update.
12

Why did you choose Vue?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleCourse + SFC + docs + SPA milestone. React bhi SPA conceptually.
Frontend design: role dashboards, navbar reuse, charts admin.
SPA = ek HTML, Vue Router se views, full reload nahi. MPA = MAD1 Jinja har URL naya HTML.
Vue Router: routes array, router-view, router-link, meta.auth + beforeEach guard. Dynamic /venues/:id → $route.params.id.
Vite/CLI SFC + npm build dist/. CDN script tag, no SFC. Jo tumne use kiya wahi justify. Flask send_from_directory('dist') production pattern.
Project example: package.json vue. Don't trash React.
13
Vue CLI vs Vue CDN. Which one did you use and why?

Times asked 3
Official solution

SimpleCDN = Vue script tag se, jaise pen drive. CLI/Vite = poori factory (SFC, npm, bundle).
CDN: no build, chhote apps, exam PC pe Node nahi to bhi chal. Weak: no .vue compile, 3rd-party cache, scale/team.
CLI/Vite: Single File Components, env, code-split, production dist/. Scalable.
Examiner 'which + why' — jo use kiya wahi justify, doosra naam rato mat.
Example
```

<script src="https://unpkg.com/vue@3/dist/vue.global.js"></script>

# Vite
npm run dev
npm run build
```
Project example: CDN: index.html unpkg vue. CLI: package.json, npm run serve / vite.
Viva tipCDN scalable large teams ke liye weak (no SFC compile, caching 3rd party). Examiner 'which + why' poochta hai — jo use kiya wahi justify karo.
14
How do you create a Vue component?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleFile.vue export default, import parent/router, register.
Create from scratch live.
Component = reusable UI block (Navbar, Card). Props parent→child data, emit child→parent event. Slots parent HTML inner content.
computed cache + reactive derive (filtered list). watch side-effect (query change pe API). methods events. ref() primitive, reactive() object. Vuex/Pinia global store; localStorage persist, store nahi.
SFC: template + script + style ek .vue file. Parent-child exam favourite: list parent, row child :item + @delete.
Example
```
import Home from './views/Home.vue'
{ path: '/', component: Home }
```
Project example: components/Hello.vue.
15
What is a Single File Component (SFC)?

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleSFC ek .vue file: template + script + style. Reusable scoped CSS.
Pages route-level. Components andar. Vue 2 one root; Vue 3 fragments.
Component = reusable UI block (Navbar, Card). Props parent→child data, emit child→parent event. Slots parent HTML inner content.
computed cache + reactive derive (filtered list). watch side-effect (query change pe API). methods events. ref() primitive, reactive() object. Vuex/Pinia global store; localStorage persist, store nahi.
SFC: template + script + style ek .vue file. Parent-child exam favourite: list parent, row child :item + @delete.
Example
```
<template><div>{{ venue.name }}</div></template>
<script>export default { props: ['venue'] }</script>
<style scoped>.card{padding:8px}</style>
```
Project example: VenueCard.vue props. views/Home.vue page.
16

What is Template Inheritance (MAD1/Jinja)?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleMAD1 base.html {% block %}. Vue App.vue Navbar + router-view har page.
How implement template inheritance in Vue navbar every page.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: App.vue.
17

Is your application responsive?

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleYes bootstrap grid / partial. Show resize. Honest.
Is your application responsive.
Look: Bootstrap utility classes (margin m-3, flex, grid) ya khud CSS. Responsive = media query / Bootstrap breakpoints se mobile.
Vue scoped style leak nahi. :class binding. Examiner colour/button live change maange to DevTools nahi, source class dikhao.
CSS ≠ Bootstrap. Bootstrap CSS+JS framework. Inline style last resort.
Project example: Narrow window.
Project example: Narrow window.
18

How did you make your application responsive?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleBootstrap grid viewport meta flex wrap test 320px. Tables scroll.
How made responsive. Is responsive? Show resize.
Look: Bootstrap utility classes (margin m-3, flex, grid) ya khud CSS. Responsive = media query / Bootstrap breakpoints se mobile.
Vue scoped style leak nahi. :class binding. Examiner colour/button live change maange to DevTools nahi, source class dikhao.
CSS ≠ Bootstrap. Bootstrap CSS+JS framework. Inline style last resort.
Project example: col-md-6. meta viewport index.html.
Project example: col-md-6. meta viewport index.html.
19

Can you make your application responsive without using CSS?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleNot really — even tables need CSS. Browser defaults insufficient. Without CSS possible? No meaningful.
Can make responsive without CSS? No.
Look: Bootstrap utility classes (margin m-3, flex, grid) ya khud CSS. Responsive = media query / Bootstrap breakpoints se mobile.
Vue scoped style leak nahi. :class binding. Examiner colour/button live change maange to DevTools nahi, source class dikhao.
CSS ≠ Bootstrap. Bootstrap CSS+JS framework. Inline style last resort.
Project example: Don't claim magic.
20

What styling framework did you use (CSS or Bootstrap)?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleBootstrap utilities and/or custom.css. Grid responsive. Colors variables.
d-flex container btn navbar. Custom for brand. Chart.js alag.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Inspect a button class. bootstrap CDN or npm.
21

Difference between Flexbox and CSS Grid.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleFlex 1D nav items. Grid 2D dashboard cards.
Bootstrap row col also grid-ish.
Look: Bootstrap utility classes (margin m-3, flex, grid) ya khud CSS. Responsive = media query / Bootstrap breakpoints se mobile.
Vue scoped style leak nahi. :class binding. Examiner colour/button live change maange to DevTools nahi, source class dikhao.
CSS ≠ Bootstrap. Bootstrap CSS+JS framework. Inline style last resort.
Project example: Navbar flex. Admin cards row.
Project example: Navbar flex. Admin cards row.
22

What are CSS selectors? Name their types.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simpleelement .class #id [attr] pseudo. Specificity war. CSS selectors types.
What are CSS selectors.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: .btn #app nav a:hover.
Project example: .btn #app nav a:hover.
23

What is DOM?

Times asked 2

Official solution

SimpleDOM HTML tree. JS nodes change. Vue Virtual DOM ke through, direct kam.
Manipulation innerHTML vs Vue data. Remove CSS class = rules gone layout may collapse.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Inspect Elements. Vue devtools.
24

What is DOM Manipulation?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleDOM HTML tree. JS nodes change. Vue Virtual DOM ke through, direct kam.
Manipulation innerHTML vs Vue data. Remove CSS class = rules gone layout may collapse.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Inspect Elements. Vue devtools.
25

How is token-based authentication implemented in your application?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleIssue, store, send, verify signature+exp, identity=sub.
Invalid 401. Role claim extra. Refresh optional — most student apps nahi.
Authentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password hash check. Success pe JWT/session. Galat credentials = 401.
Authorization: uske baad role. Admin hi venue/lot delete kare, student nahi = 403 (logged in ho, allowed nahi).
MAD2: POST /api/login = authentication. @jwt_required identity. @roles_required('admin') ya Vue v-if="isAdmin" = authorization. Frontend hide sirf UX — asli deny backend pe.
Validation alag: form sahi bhara (email format, age 18+). Woh identity prove nahi karta. Password store hash (Werkzeug), JWT payload padha ja sakta hai isliye secret mat daalo.
Project example: Walk one request Network.
26
Explain the JWT authentication flow.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleJWT teen tukde ki signed chitthi: header.payload.signature. Padhi ja sakti hai, badli nahi ja sakti.
Encoded (Base64) + signed, encrypted nahi (JWE alag). Payload mein password mat daalo — koi jwt.io pe dekh lega.
Login pe server secret se HMAC (HS256). Har API Authorization: Bearer <token>.
Expiry exp. Change payload → signature fail → 401.
Session MAD1 server yaad rakhta. JWT MAD2 client rakhta, server stateless-ish.
Example
```
eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.{"sub":1,"role":"admin"}.signature
# Authorization: Bearer <token>
```
Project example: POST /login → token LS. fetch interceptor header. @jwt_required APIs.
Viva tipAlgo HS256. Secret env var. jwt.io pe payload dikhao, secret public site pe mat paste.
27

Which framework/library did you use for token generation?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleNamed from requirements. import line dikhao.
Which framework/library token.
Authentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password hash check. Success pe JWT/session. Galat credentials = 401.
Authorization: uske baad role. Admin hi venue/lot delete kare, student nahi = 403 (logged in ho, allowed nahi).
MAD2: POST /api/login = authentication. @jwt_required identity. @roles_required('admin') ya Vue v-if="isAdmin" = authorization. Frontend hide sirf UX — asli deny backend pe.
Validation alag: form sahi bhara (email format, age 18+). Woh identity prove nahi karta. Password store hash (Werkzeug), JWT payload padha ja sakta hai isliye secret mat daalo.
Project example: Don't say both if one.
28

What is the algorithm used by JWT?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleUsually HS256 HMAC-SHA256 symmetric secret. RS256 asymmetric optional.
Header alg. Don't accept none.
Authentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password hash check. Success pe JWT/session. Galat credentials = 401.
Authorization: uske baad role. Admin hi venue/lot delete kare, student nahi = 403 (logged in ho, allowed nahi).
MAD2: POST /api/login = authentication. @jwt_required identity. @roles_required('admin') ya Vue v-if="isAdmin" = authorization. Frontend hide sirf UX — asli deny backend pe.
Validation alag: form sahi bhara (email format, age 18+). Woh identity prove nahi karta. Password store hash (Werkzeug), JWT payload padha ja sakta hai isliye secret mat daalo.
Project example: jwt.io header {alg:HS256}.
29
Difference between Authentication and Authorization.

Times asked 20
Official solution

SimpleAuthentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password check karke prove karte ho ki tum genuine user ho. Success pe session/token milta hai.
Authorization: uske baad role check. Admin hi parking lot / venue / drive delete kar sakta hai, normal user nahi.
MAD2 mein yeh alag layers hain: login API = authentication (JWT milta hai). @roles_required('admin') ya Vue v-if="isAdmin" = authorization.
Validation alag cheez hai (form sahi bhara hai ya nahi, jaise age 18+). Authentication identity hai, authorization permission, validation input quality.
Example
```
# Authentication
if user and check_password_hash(user.password, form_password):
    token = create_access_token(identity=user.id)

# Authorization
if current_user.role != 'admin':
    abort(403)  # logged in ho, lekin allowed nahi
```
Project example: Student login = authentication. Student admin dashboard nahi khol sakta = authorization. Frontend button hide sirf UX hai — asli check backend pe hona chahiye.
Viva tip401 = not logged in / bad token. 403 = logged in, role galat. Examiner yeh difference bahut poochta hai.
30

Is an Admin authenticated or authorized?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleAdmin authenticated (logged in) AND authorized (role admin). Words matter.
Is admin authenticated or authorized? Both.
Authentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password hash check. Success pe JWT/session. Galat credentials = 401.
Authorization: uske baad role. Admin hi venue/lot delete kare, student nahi = 403 (logged in ho, allowed nahi).
MAD2: POST /api/login = authentication. @jwt_required identity. @roles_required('admin') ya Vue v-if="isAdmin" = authorization. Frontend hide sirf UX — asli deny backend pe.
Validation alag: form sahi bhara (email format, age 18+). Woh identity prove nahi karta. Password store hash (Werkzeug), JWT payload padha ja sakta hai isliye secret mat daalo.
Project example: 401 vs 403 demo.
31
Why did you use token-based authentication instead of session-based authentication?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleSession school id card office mein rakha. Token photocopy jo tum har baar dikhate ho.
Session: Set-Cookie, server store, MAD1 Flask-Login. CSRF risk cookies auto-send.
Token/JWT: SPA + alag port Vue/Flask, scale easy, mobile. XSS if localStorage.
MAD2 typically JWT/Flask-Security token. httpOnly cookie safer lekin CORS+CSRF extra.
Example
```
# session
login_user(user)  # Set-Cookie
# token
return jsonify(token=create_access_token(identity=user.id))
```
Project example: login jsonify token. Vue LS. MAD1 session cookie nahi dikhana unless used.
Viva tipToken localStorage XSS risk; httpOnly cookie safer. Session CSRF risk. MAD2 APIs ke liye JWT/Flask-Security token common.
32
Difference between Session and Token authentication.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleSession school id card office mein rakha. Token photocopy jo tum har baar dikhate ho.
Session: Set-Cookie, server store, MAD1 Flask-Login. CSRF risk cookies auto-send.
Token/JWT: SPA + alag port Vue/Flask, scale easy, mobile. XSS if localStorage.
MAD2 typically JWT/Flask-Security token. httpOnly cookie safer lekin CORS+CSRF extra.
Example
```
# session
login_user(user)  # Set-Cookie
# token
return jsonify(token=create_access_token(identity=user.id))
```
Project example: login jsonify token. Vue LS. MAD1 session cookie nahi dikhana unless used.
Viva tipToken localStorage XSS risk; httpOnly cookie safer. Session CSRF risk. MAD2 APIs ke liye JWT/Flask-Security token common.
33

Difference between Session and Cookies.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleCookie transport. Session server data us cookie id se. Theme cookie bina server session.
Auth session cookie httpOnly. JWT often not a cookie in MAD2.
Authentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password hash check. Success pe JWT/session. Galat credentials = 401.
Authorization: uske baad role. Admin hi venue/lot delete kare, student nahi = 403 (logged in ho, allowed nahi).
MAD2: POST /api/login = authentication. @jwt_required identity. @roles_required('admin') ya Vue v-if="isAdmin" = authorization. Frontend hide sirf UX — asli deny backend pe.
Validation alag: form sahi bhara (email format, age 18+). Woh identity prove nahi karta. Password store hash (Werkzeug), JWT payload padha ja sakta hai isliye secret mat daalo.
Project example: Agar JWT LS: cookies empty explain. Agar Flask-Login: session cookie dikhao.
34

Did you use Local APIs or REST APIs?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleMAD2 REST JSON. Local = same origin functions. Bolo REST + endpoint.
Not SOAP.
HTTP verbs + status REST ki zabaan. GET read, POST create, PUT replace, PATCH partial, DELETE remove. GET typically no body.
Status: 200 OK, 201 created, 202 accepted (Celery task), 400 bad input, 401 no/bad token, 403 role nahi, 404 missing, 409 conflict (double book), 500 server.
AJAX/fetch page reload nahi. SPA poori isi pe. Postman se bina Vue ke API prove karo — examiner pasand.
Project example: GET /api/venues.
Project example: GET /api/venues.
35

How do you create a REST API?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleResource class or @app.route methods. GET list POST create GET id PUT DELETE. Status auth errors.
How do you create a REST API.
HTTP verbs + status REST ki zabaan. GET read, POST create, PUT replace, PATCH partial, DELETE remove. GET typically no body.
Status: 200 OK, 201 created, 202 accepted (Celery task), 400 bad input, 401 no/bad token, 403 role nahi, 404 missing, 409 conflict (double book), 500 server.
AJAX/fetch page reload nahi. SPA poori isi pe. Postman se bina Vue ke API prove karo — examiner pasand.
Project example: Write one now pattern.
36
What is AJAX?

Times asked 4
Official solution

SimpleAJAX = page reload ke bina server se baat. Technique ka naam, library nahi.
Purana XMLHttpRequest. Aaj fetch() / Axios. Vue SPA poori AJAX pe chalti hai — JSON aata, v-for render.
AJAX ≠ jQuery. Fetch native API. Axios library interceptors ke saath.
HTTP verbs + status REST ki zabaan. GET read, POST create, PUT replace, PATCH partial, DELETE remove. GET typically no body.
Status: 200 OK, 201 created, 202 accepted (Celery task), 400 bad input, 401 no/bad token, 403 role nahi, 404 missing, 409 conflict (double book), 500 server.
AJAX/fetch page reload nahi. SPA poori isi pe. Postman se bina Vue ke API prove karo — examiner pasand.
Example
```
const res = await fetch('/api/venues')
const data = await res.json()
```
Project example: mounted() mein fetch('/api/venues') — yeh AJAX hai.
Viva tipAJAX technique hai, Fetch modern API hai. Axios library hai uske upar.
37
What is CORS?

Times asked 8
Official solution

SimpleDifferent origin Vue vs Flask — browser CORS check. Server Allow-Origin.
Failed = frontend error even if curl works. Examiner curl vs browser.
HTTP verbs + status REST ki zabaan. GET read, POST create, PUT replace, PATCH partial, DELETE remove. GET typically no body.
Status: 200 OK, 201 created, 202 accepted (Celery task), 400 bad input, 401 no/bad token, 403 role nahi, 404 missing, 409 conflict (double book), 500 server.
AJAX/fetch page reload nahi. SPA poori isi pe. Postman se bina Vue ke API prove karo — examiner pasand.
Example
```
from flask_cors import CORS
CORS(app, resources={r'/api/*': {'origins': 'http://localhost:8080'}})
```
Project example: Flask-CORS localhost:8080.
38
What is caching?

Times asked 23
Official solution

SimpleCache = pehli baar hisaab karke copy rakh lo, doosri baar copy dikha do.
Baar-baar same expensive kaam (DB query, counting bookings) mat karo. Result Redis jaise store mein timeout ke saath rakh do.
Cache hit: key mil gayi, DB skip. Cache miss: DB se lao, SET karo, return karo.
Tradeoff: speed vs stale data. Admin naya venue add kare aur cache 50s ka ho to user purani list dekh sakta hai — isliye write pe invalidation zaroori hai.
Browser cache, Flask-Caching, Redis alag layers hain. MAD2 examiner Redis + @cache.cached code dekhta hai.
Example
```
@cache.cached(timeout=50, query_string=True)
@app.route('/api/shows')
def shows():
    return jsonify([s.serialize() for s in Show.query.all()])
```
Project example: Admin dashboard counts / venues list cache. Create/update/delete ke baad cache.delete('venues').
Viva tipprint('DB queried') function ke andar laga ke miss/hit demo karo — hit pe print nahi chalega.
39
What is Redis?

Times asked 21
Official solution

SimpleRedis fridge pe sticky note hai — poori kitchen (database) kholne ki zarurat nahi.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai. Data RAM mein rehta hai, isliye disk wale SQLite/Postgres se kai guna tez.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam karta hai:
1) Cache — same venue/show/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se mat nikaalo.
2) Celery message broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis band ho to cache miss ho jaata hai aur Celery queue ruk sakti hai. Crash pe cache gayab ho sakta hai — isliye important data sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Example
```
import redis
r = redis.Redis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)
r.set('venues', json.dumps(data), ex=30)
print(r.get('venues'))
```
Project example: GET /api/venues pehle Redis dekho. Miss pe SQLAlchemy query, phir SET with timeout. Celery worker Redis list se daily reminder uthata hai.
Viva tipCache ke liye db=1, broker ke liye db=0 rakhna smart hai taaki keys mix na hon. Viva mein redis-cli ping → PONG dikhana strong hai.
40
When should cache be cleared?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleCache = pehli baar hisaab karke copy rakh lo, doosri baar copy dikha do.
Baar-baar same expensive kaam (DB query, counting bookings) mat karo. Result Redis jaise store mein timeout ke saath rakh do.
Cache hit: key mil gayi, DB skip. Cache miss: DB se lao, SET karo, return karo.
Tradeoff: speed vs stale data. Admin naya venue add kare aur cache 50s ka ho to user purani list dekh sakta hai — isliye write pe invalidation zaroori hai.
Browser cache, Flask-Caching, Redis alag layers hain. MAD2 examiner Redis + @cache.cached code dekhta hai.
Example
```
@cache.cached(timeout=50, query_string=True)
@app.route('/api/shows')
def shows():
    return jsonify([s.serialize() for s in Show.query.all()])
```
Project example: Admin dashboard counts / venues list cache. Create/update/delete ke baad cache.delete('venues').
Viva tipprint('DB queried') function ke andar laga ke miss/hit demo karo — hit pe print nahi chalega.
41
Center the login form/card both vertically and horizontally.

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleLive CSS/Vue: sabse chhota change jo dikhe. Logic/API mat todo unless poochhein.
Inspect element se class dhoondo. btn-success, navbar bottom fixed, center flex.
Save, refresh, dikhao. Break mat karo layout poora.
Example
```
<button class="btn btn-success">Login</button>
nav { position: fixed; bottom: 0; width: 100%; }
.wrap { min-height: 100vh; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; }
```
Project example: Jo button/navbar poocha usi file (Navbar.vue / App.vue / css).
Viva tipDevTools se element inspect. Logic/API mat todo unless poochhein.
42

Implement a shimmer loading effect.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simpleloading skeleton CSS grey bars until fetch. Implement shimmer loading.
v-if loading shimmer else data.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: css animation.
Project example: css animation.
43

Modify the database model to support a Favorites feature.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleM-M User↔Show favorite. POST /api/favorites GET list Vue heart. Modify model favorites.
How implement Favorites/Likes.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: association table unique(user_id,item_id).

See reviews Level2_88 MAD2 Level 1

Aug 1, 2026

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1

What technologies have you used in your application?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleVue, Flask, SQLite, Redis, Celery. CORS JWT cache.
What technologies in application.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Stack one breath.
Project example: Stack one breath.
2
How is authentication implemented in your application?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleLogin flow pehle poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", token milne ke baad har API pe wohi proof dikhate ho.
Authentication step: Vue form email + password JSON POST karta hai. Flask user dhoondhta hai, check_password_hash se prove karta hai ki tum genuine ho. Galat 401. Sahi pe JWT + role milta hai — yeh session/token hai.
Vue localStorage (ya cookie) mein token rakhta hai, dashboard pe router.push. Aage ki har fetch header: Authorization: Bearer <token>. @jwt_required identity check (authentication). @roles_required('admin') permission check (authorization) — logged in ho, lekin allowed nahi to 403.
Validation alag cheez hai: empty email, password 8+ — form sahi bhara hai ya nahi. Woh identity prove nahi karta.
Logout = client token delete + login page. Server blacklist optional. Password response JSON mein kabhi mat bhejo.
Example
```
# Authentication
@app.route('/api/login', methods=['POST'])
def login():
    u = User.query.filter_by(email=data['email']).first()
    if not u or not check_password_hash(u.password, data['password']):
        return jsonify(msg='bad'), 401
    return jsonify(token=create_access_token(u.id), role=u.role)

# baad ki APIs
# Authorization: Bearer <token>
if current_user.role != 'admin':
    abort(403)
```
Project example: Login.vue POST /api/login → token LS → interceptor. Student token se admin route = 403. Empty form = validation, galat password = 401.
Viva tipNetwork tab mein password body dikhega localhost pe — prod HTTPS. Response mein hash/password echo mat karo.
3
What type of authentication (RBAC) have you implemented, and how does it work?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleRBAC = role ka badge. Admin badge se delete, user badge se sirf book.
Role-Based Access Control. Har user pe alag permission list nahi — roles.
Models: User M-M Role association. Decorators @roles_required. Vue v-if + router meta.
Frontend hide UX. Backend 403 real security.
Example
```
if current_user.roles[0].name != 'admin':
    return jsonify(msg='Forbidden'), 403
```
Project example: roles_users table. admin stats API roles_required. User booking POST user role.
Viva tipCode mein roles_required, Vue meta.role, models User↔Role many-to-many (roles_users table).
4
How is the authentication token sent with API requests?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleLogin ke baad header. Axios interceptor ya fetch wrapper. Backend verify.
Har protected API. Public login/register nahi.
Authentication poochta hai "tu kaun hai?", Authorization poochta hai "tujhe yeh kaam karne ki permission hai?"
Authentication: login. Username + password hash check. Success pe JWT/session. Galat credentials = 401.
Authorization: uske baad role. Admin hi venue/lot delete kare, student nahi = 403 (logged in ho, allowed nahi).
MAD2: POST /api/login = authentication. @jwt_required identity. @roles_required('admin') ya Vue v-if="isAdmin" = authorization. Frontend hide sirf UX — asli deny backend pe.
Validation alag: form sahi bhara (email format, age 18+). Woh identity prove nahi karta. Password store hash (Werkzeug), JWT payload padha ja sakta hai isliye secret mat daalo.
Example
```
headers: { 'Authorization': 'Bearer ' + localStorage.getItem('token') }
```
Project example: Network list request Headers Bearer.
5

How did you validate form inputs?

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplerequired minlength regex frontend. Backend mirror. Don't trust client.
How validate form inputs.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: register both layers.
Project example: register both layers.
6
How would you prevent users from booking more seats than are available?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleSeats_left check + transaction. Race SELECT FOR UPDATE / unique seat.
qty > available 400. Frontend :max still backend.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
if show.available < qty:
    abort(400)
show.available -= qty
db.session.commit()
```
Project example: available=1, two qty=1 — ek fail.
7
What is CORS?

Times asked 8
Official solution

SimpleDifferent origin Vue vs Flask — browser CORS check. Server Allow-Origin.
Failed = frontend error even if curl works. Examiner curl vs browser.
HTTP verbs + status REST ki zabaan. GET read, POST create, PUT replace, PATCH partial, DELETE remove. GET typically no body.
Status: 200 OK, 201 created, 202 accepted (Celery task), 400 bad input, 401 no/bad token, 403 role nahi, 404 missing, 409 conflict (double book), 500 server.
AJAX/fetch page reload nahi. SPA poori isi pe. Postman se bina Vue ke API prove karo — examiner pasand.
Example
```
from flask_cors import CORS
CORS(app, resources={r'/api/*': {'origins': 'http://localhost:8080'}})
```
Project example: Flask-CORS localhost:8080.
8
What are HTTP headers?

Times asked 2
Official solution

SimpleHeaders metadata chitthi ke upar: kaun bhej raha, kaisa data, token.
Content-Type JSON, Authorization Bearer, Accept, CORS Origin.
GET usually no body. POST JSON body + header.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
fetch(url, {
  method: 'POST',
  headers: {
    'Content-Type': 'application/json',
    'Authorization': 'Bearer ' + token
  },
  body: JSON.stringify({ name: 'A' })
})
```
Project example: Network tab login POST headers. Later GET list Authorization.
9
Besides the Authorization header, what other headers have you used in fetch() requests?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleHeaders metadata chitthi ke upar: kaun bhej raha, kaisa data, token.
Content-Type JSON, Authorization Bearer, Accept, CORS Origin.
GET usually no body. POST JSON body + header.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
fetch(url, {
  method: 'POST',
  headers: {
    'Content-Type': 'application/json',
    'Authorization': 'Bearer ' + token
  },
  body: JSON.stringify({ name: 'A' })
})
```
Project example: Network tab login POST headers. Later GET list Authorization.
10
What is the difference between PUT and POST?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimplePOST naya janam (har baar naya id). PUT poori photo replace. PATCH sticker chipkao.
POST create, not idempotent. PUT full update, idempotent. PATCH partial.
POST ki jagah PUT se REST semantics toot. GET typically no body.
CRUD map: POST create, GET read, PUT/PATCH update, DELETE delete.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Example
```
POST /api/venues
PUT  /api/venues/1   {all fields}
PATCH /api/venues/1 {only name}
```
Project example: POST /api/venues create. PUT /venues/1 saari fields. PATCH sirf name.
11

What is a cron job?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleCron OS scheduler. Celery Beat app ke andar wahi idea.
Linux crontab vs Celery: app ke saath deploy, Python function, Redis queue.
Does crontab seconds? Classic no. Celery float seconds yes.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Humne OS cron nahi, Celery Beat use kiya.
12

Explain the crontab expression used in your Celery schedule.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleRead your dict aloud minute hour. Testing change. Explain crontab expression used.
Don't invent.
Celery Python ka distributed task queue — HTTP request ko 10s email/CSV ke liye mat rokna.
Flow: Flask .delay() → Redis broker → Worker execute. Beat alag process hai (clock): crontab padhke due time pe queue mein daalta hai. Beat khud mail nahi bhejta; Worker haath hai.
MAD2 typical: daily reminder (Beat), monthly report (Beat), user Export CSV (button, Beat nahi). JS async/await browser event loop hai, Celery server-side process — mix mat karo.
Demo: tin terminals — redis-server, celery worker, celery beat — plus Flask. MailHog :8025 inbox. Result backend se task SUCCESS poll optional.
Project example: Open config.
13
What are Vue routes?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleRouter URL ko component se map karta hai. Google Maps for pages.
routes array path+component. router-view jagah. router-link reload nahi.
meta.auth + beforeEach guard. Dynamic /venues/:id.
Nayi page: SFC + routes entry + link.
Example
```
const routes = [
  { path: '/', component: Home },
  { path: '/login', component: Login },
  { path: '/venues/:id', component: VenueDetail, meta: { auth: true } },
]
```
Project example: routes.js Login, Register, UserHome, AdminHome, 404.
Viva tipNayi page: component banao, routes array mein path, router-link se jao.
14

Did you use parent-child components in your project?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleHaan list+card files. Or no pages only — then how data passed.
Did you use parent-child.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Names.
Project example: Names.
15

Did you use Slots in your application?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleYes modal body / no layout router-view. Honest. router-view slot-like outlet.
Did you use Slots.
Component = reusable UI block (Navbar, Card). Props parent→child data, emit child→parent event. Slots parent HTML inner content.
computed cache + reactive derive (filtered list). watch side-effect (query change pe API). methods events. ref() primitive, reactive() object. Vuex/Pinia global store; localStorage persist, store nahi.
SFC: template + script + style ek .vue file. Parent-child exam favourite: list parent, row child :item + @delete.
Project example: Open slot if any.
16

Did you use Vuex?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleHaan store modules user token / nahi LS props. Why.
Did you use Vuex.
Component = reusable UI block (Navbar, Card). Props parent→child data, emit child→parent event. Slots parent HTML inner content.
computed cache + reactive derive (filtered list). watch side-effect (query change pe API). methods events. ref() primitive, reactive() object. Vuex/Pinia global store; localStorage persist, store nahi.
SFC: template + script + style ek .vue file. Parent-child exam favourite: list parent, row child :item + @delete.
Project example: store/index.js or not.
17
What are Props?

Times asked 4
Official solution

SimpleProps parent ki thali child ko dena. Child thali tod ke parent ki thali na badle — emit bolo.
Declare props, parent :venue="v". One-way. Mutate mat. Types/required Vue 3.
List parent, card child — classic viva.
Component = reusable UI block (Navbar, Card). Props parent→child data, emit child→parent event. Slots parent HTML inner content.
computed cache + reactive derive (filtered list). watch side-effect (query change pe API). methods events. ref() primitive, reactive() object. Vuex/Pinia global store; localStorage persist, store nahi.
SFC: template + script + style ek .vue file. Parent-child exam favourite: list parent, row child :item + @delete.
Example
```
<VenueCard :venue="v" @select="onSelect" />
props: ['venue']
this.$emit('select', this.venue.id)
```
Project example: VenueCard :venue. Child $emit('select', id).
18
Have you used this.$router? Which methods (push(), go(), etc.) have you used?

Times asked 1
Official solution

Simple$route current (path params query). $router methods push go replace.
Login redirect this.$router.push. Read id this.$route.params.id.
SPA = ek HTML, Vue Router se views, full reload nahi. MPA = MAD1 Jinja har URL naya HTML.
Vue Router: routes array, router-view, router-link, meta.auth + beforeEach guard. Dynamic /venues/:id → $route.params.id.
Vite/CLI SFC + npm build dist/. CDN script tag, no SFC. Jo tumne use kiya wahi justify. Flask send_from_directory('dist') production pattern.
Example
```
this.$router.push('/dashboard')
this.$route.params.id
```
Project example: login success push dashboard. Detail page params.
19

What are the advantages of Vue/React over a plain JavaScript application?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleComponents reactivity router ecosystem. Plain JS DOM hell large UI. Advantages Vue/React over plain JS.
Course size already painful without Vue.
SPA = ek HTML, Vue Router se views, full reload nahi. MPA = MAD1 Jinja har URL naya HTML.
Vue Router: routes array, router-view, router-link, meta.auth + beforeEach guard. Dynamic /venues/:id → $route.params.id.
Vite/CLI SFC + npm build dist/. CDN script tag, no SFC. Jo tumne use kiya wahi justify. Flask send_from_directory('dist') production pattern.
Project example: v-for vs manual DOM.
20

Show your routes.js file and explain it.

Times asked 1

Official solution

Simplerouter.js paths hash vs history guard. Where declared frontend routes.
Show routes.js.
Examiner 2 cheezein: simple desi line + tumhare project ki exact file.
Pehle ID, GitHub, portal ZIP. Phir run: Redis + Flask + worker + beat + Vue. Feature demo: login, RBAC, cache hit/miss, Celery mail, search.
Line pe ungli: input kahan, kaunsa check, query/cache/task, JSON/UI. Copilot band. Jo nahi kiya honestly bolo + kaise add karte.
Project example: All paths list.
21
What is ORM?

Times asked 49
Official solution

SimpleORM = translator. Python object bolo, woh SQL mein baat kare.
Object Relational Mapper. Class User ↔ table user. Raw SQL kam.
SQLAlchemy MAD1/MAD2. Fayde: portable SQLite→Postgres, relationships, parameterized queries (injection kam).
Nuksaan: N+1, hidden SQL, complex reports pe raw better.
Direct sqlite3 se SQLAlchemy isliye: models, switch DB, safer queries.
Example
```
class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(128), unique=True)
User.query.filter_by(email='a@b.com').first()
```
Project example: models.py db.Model. resources User.query.filter_by. Koi f-string SQL nahi.
Viva tipFayde: safe-ish, portable (SQLite→Postgres). Nuksaan: complex queries, N+1, leaky abstractions. Direct SQLite se SQLAlchemy isliye: models + injection protection + switch DB.
22

What is the difference between relational and non-relational databases?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleRelational tables SQL ACID FK. NoSQL flexible schema, scale writes. MAD2 SQL + Redis side-cache.
Pick: bookings integrity → SQL. Session cache → Redis.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: models relational. cache Redis.
23

Give examples of non-relational databases.

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleRelational tables SQL ACID FK. NoSQL flexible schema, scale writes. MAD2 SQL + Redis side-cache.
Pick: bookings integrity → SQL. Session cache → Redis.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: models relational. cache Redis.
24
What is Redis, and why did you use it?

Times asked 1
Official solution

SimpleRedis fridge pe sticky note hai — poori kitchen (database) kholne ki zarurat nahi.
Redis in-memory key-value store hai. Data RAM mein rehta hai, isliye disk wale SQLite/Postgres se kai guna tez.
MAD2 mein Redis do kaam karta hai:
1) Cache — same venue/show/dashboard JSON baar-baar DB se mat nikaalo.
2) Celery message broker — Flask task queue mein daalta hai, worker uthata hai.
Source of truth database hi hai. Redis band ho to cache miss ho jaata hai aur Celery queue ruk sakti hai. Crash pe cache gayab ho sakta hai — isliye important data sirf Redis mein mat rakho.
Example
```
import redis
r = redis.Redis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)
r.set('venues', json.dumps(data), ex=30)
print(r.get('venues'))
```
Project example: GET /api/venues pehle Redis dekho. Miss pe SQLAlchemy query, phir SET with timeout. Celery worker Redis list se daily reminder uthata hai.
Viva tipCache ke liye db=1, broker ke liye db=0 rakhna smart hai taaki keys mix na hon. Viva mein redis-cli ping → PONG dikhana strong hai.
25
What is caching?

Times asked 23
Official solution

SimpleCache = pehli baar hisaab karke copy rakh lo, doosri baar copy dikha do.
Baar-baar same expensive kaam (DB query, counting bookings) mat karo. Result Redis jaise store mein timeout ke saath rakh do.
Cache hit: key mil gayi, DB skip. Cache miss: DB se lao, SET karo, return karo.
Tradeoff: speed vs stale data. Admin naya venue add kare aur cache 50s ka ho to user purani list dekh sakta hai — isliye write pe invalidation zaroori hai.
Browser cache, Flask-Caching, Redis alag layers hain. MAD2 examiner Redis + @cache.cached code dekhta hai.
Example
```
@cache.cached(timeout=50, query_string=True)
@app.route('/api/shows')
def shows():
    return jsonify([s.serialize() for s in Show.query.all()])
```
Project example: Admin dashboard counts / venues list cache. Create/update/delete ke baad cache.delete('venues').
Viva tipprint('DB queried') function ke andar laga ke miss/hit demo karo — hit pe print nahi chalega.
26

What is the difference between Local Storage and Cookies?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleLS never auto-sent. Cookies auto to domain CSRF surface. Difference LS and Cookies.
JWT LS not in Cookie header.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: Network Cookie vs LS.
Project example: Network Cookie vs LS.
27

What other types of client-side storage are available?

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimplelocalStorage sessionStorage cookies IndexedDB memory Cache API. Types browser storage. Client-side storage.
What types available. Other than LS.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: We used LS for JWT. Cookies empty.
28
What are Webhooks?

Times asked 7
Official solution

SimpleWebhook = woh tumhe call karta hai. API = tum unhe call karte ho.
Payment success pe Stripe tumhare /webhooks/payment pe POST. Tum poll nahi karte.
API pull, webhook push. WebSocket dono taraf live connection. SSE server→client stream.
MAD2 mostly REST APIs. Webhook theory + example kaafi. Verify signature production mein.
Example
```
@app.route('/webhooks/payment', methods=['POST'])
def hook():
    event = request.json
    ...
```
Project example: Agar implement nahi: 'course REST. Webhook design: POST /webhooks/booking-paid'.
Viva tipAPI pull, webhook push. WebSocket dono taraf live. SSE server → client stream.
29

Mention file transfer protocols other than the one you used (e.g., FTP, SFTP, FTPS, SCP).

Times asked 1

Official solution

SimpleFile transfer FTP SFTP SSH FTPS SCP HTTP upload. Resumes SFTP/SCP safer than plain FTP.
File transfer protocols other than used.
Pehle 1-line definition, phir related MAD2 layer (Vue SFC / Flask route / models.py / tasks.py / Redis).
4-line formula: input kahan se aaya, auth/validation kaunsa, DB ya cache ya Celery, kya return.
Related mix mat karo — cache ≠ Celery, authentication ≠ authorization, v-if ≠ v-show, Beat ≠ Worker. Follow-up ke liye ek difference ready rakho.
Project example: We HTTP upload / static. Mention SFTP.

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My solution